The frequency with which 58 selected 'emotion terms' appeared in the subject index of each of the 121 books on emotion published in English between 1880 and 2001 was enumerated. The mean percentage appearance of each of the emotion terms, an index of the popularity of the term among psychologists, was compared with the frequency with which these terms appeared in the Brown Corpus, an index of the popularity of the term among lay people. The popularity was a function of the strength of emotion among both psychologists and non-psychologists. Psychologists tended more to be interested in negative rather than positive emotions, whereas non-psychologists showed the opposite tendency. The top four popular emotions based on the subject-index analysis were anger, fear, anxiety and depression in that order, but the top four based on PsycLIT data were depression, anxiety, fear and anger in that order, depression being by far the most popular emotion especially after 1980's. Psychologists' interest in positive emotions and in higher-order emotions has increased since the 1970s. Possible causes for the above discrepancies and tendencies were discussed.

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This paper has focused first on how remarkably research on emotion and mood with questionnaire had contributed to give evidence for Darwin's theory, cognitive appraisal theory, and social constructivists' view. The second purpose of this paper was to review a variety of paper-pencil methods (e. g. open ended question, rating scale method), and show what methods are needed to research emotional experiences, state, and trait. Finally, the future direction of questionnaires about emotion and mood was discussed. It was suggested that the questionnaires available in a clinical situation would be constructed and used more to verify the theories of maladaptive emotions, and researchers should show which the existing questionnaires had more reliability and validity than others.

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After Darwin, a large number of studies on recognition of facial expressions of emotions have been carried out and some important models have been proposed. In such early studies by Feleky, Langfeld and others, the experimental paradigm itself had a serious problem. Pointing out the problem of those studies, Woodworth proposed his own model, and then, Schlosberg expanded Woodworth's model into a dimensional model for recognition of facial expressions of emotions. Since then, many studies confirmed the idea of the dimensional model, and recently, Russell proposed a circumplex model of affect. In contrast, Ekman and his colleagues developed a categorical model of facial expression based on their cross-cultural studies. This categorical model and the dimensional model offer different views of emotion and have been heated debates between them. Recently, Takehara and his colleagues found out a fractal structure in the recognition of facial expressions of emotions. The concept of fractal is novel in psychology and seems to offer an important addition to the research on recognition of facial expressions of emotions. In this article, I survey models for facial expressions of emotions and discuss in particular the importance of the fractal model.

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This article reviews existing empirical research into the effects of amygdala damage on facial expression recognition. The relevant findings of our ongoing research are also described. The evidence suggests that amygdala-damaged patients have impaired recognition of the facial expressions associated with certain negative emotions, particularly fear.
The implications of these findings for psychological research on emotion are discussed.

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is. a new method to investigate the neural substrates that underlie the psychological process in human and to test and expand the hypothesis of the affective psychological models. First, the present paper surveys the brief history of the neural imaging technique and physiological backgrounds of fMRI. Next, focusing on the neural imaging studies that examined the processing of facial expression, function of the amygdala playing an important role to evaluate the emotional valence of perceived stimuli is discussed according to it's laterality. There is also a review of the studies that investigated the processing of classification of facial expression into emotional categories using fMRI and an event-related brain potential (ERP) measurement. It seems to be important to note that the both frontal and temporal region underlies the categorization process, and the onset of ERP component that was presumed to reflect the categorization process is much later of temporal than frontal. Based on these findings, a new model on the processing of facial expression is suggested that describes emotional categorizing process is achieved by front-temporal network. Finally, future direction of the affective psychological studies is discussed on this topic.

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Sato and Ohira (2001) proposed that executive functions of the prefrontal cortex can be dissociated into two parallel systems, one of which is "the ventromedial system" and the other of which is "the dorsolateral system".
The ventromedial system including a rostral and ventral part of the anterior cingulate cortex, the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex serves to monitor the motivational value of the response and to rapidly readjust response selection whenever the contingencies among stimulus, response and their consequence change. The dorsolateral system including a dorsal part of the anterior cingulate cortex, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the premotor and supplementary motor areas, by contrast, serves to detect the occurrence of conflicts in information processing and to exert top-down attentional control on information processing. This paper reviews the recent functional neuroimaging studies on emotional regulation and proposes that the ventromedial system is involved in the resolution of conflicts between competing values and the dorsolateral system is involved in top-down modulation of their subsystems by active maintenance of internal representation.

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