1. Introduction There are traditional houses having unique style in the areas from mid-part of Balkan Peninsula to Turkey. The style had a feature that a wooden house is build above the first floor base of stones. These houses are widely distributed throughout different countries such as ALBANIA, GREECE, YUGO-SLAVIA, BULGARIA, ROMANIA and TURKEY with slightly different styles. These countries have their own culture, but influenced each other. The origin of this style seems to date back before OTTMANN EMPIRE. From this point of situation, we are interested in finding out how these different cultures have to do with the architectural difference. 2. Contents (a) Field research for Macedonian traditional dwellings (Aug. -Sep. 1989). (b) Studying materials and data offered by University of Skopje. (c) Comparative studies of similar type houses in Northern Greece, Turkey and Macedonia 3. Results (1) The Macedonian Houses have a “chardak”that is similar to a living room but with no furniture. (2) Macedonian houses have two types, one having an outer hall and another with an inner hall. (3) Macedonian houses are smaller than similar type houses in other areas, because of their custom that one family live in a house. (4) We could make distributional map of four type including a type without a hall (No hall type) or with a hall in the center (Center hall type). (5) We think outer hall type houses are very old but they can be found in wide areas now. This is because of the primitive functions of the type.

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Purpose of this study is to elucidate the social and spatial structure of “Machi = Cho” community of Kyoto, Osaka and Nara of the Early Modern Times, and, to portray the urban dwelling system which has been fostered by the climate and traditions of our country. Last year's investigations were dealt with individual cities, but this year, we anticipate to elucidate the entire image of the urban dwelling system of the “Machi” community of the Early Modern Times, while comparing mutually, the existing morphology of the townships of Kyoto, Osaka and Nara. Part I, entitled “Social Composition of the ‘Machi—, has brought to light in statistical form, the population and the formation ratio of landlords to tenants in Kyoto, Osaka and Nara, in city level as well as in individual township level, and, in addition attentions are given to the occupations of inhabitants, population movement and various organizations of the township. Part 2, entitled “Space Composition and Common Facilities of the ‘Machi”’, deals with the restoration of the space composition of the township based on the historical records, and investigates the division of building lots and the conditions of building houses; overlapping of the shared and possessed spaces within the township; forms of individual building (individual houses and rented houses etc.); and the circumstances of the division of private and public spaces. In addition, shared spaces such as streets and ditches, intersections and town gates, meeting places of the township, bridge of the township and building regulations concerning the streets too, have been considered, and specially, the architectural form and historical transition of the meeting place of the township too is investigated. Part 3, entitled “Historical Law-code of Township and the Paying System for the Services”, deals with “Choshikimoku” the own laws and orders of the townships, and, major items of which is investigated, classified and compared in chronological sequence. Specially attention is given to the facts such as self government functions (agreements with the neighboring townships), regulations in relation to the social and spatial stability (type of occupational regulations, tenancy regulations, township construction regulations etc.), livelihood-management (mutual assistance, solving disputes, fire fighting and fire prevention system), maintenance and management of the common facilities, cost and expenses liability system etc., which are with blooming regulations in relation to the voluntary system of residential areas management aimed at a livable township construction. Part 4, entitled “From the Machi of Early Modern Times to the Chonai of Modern Times”, deals with the deterioration and decomposition of the “Machi” community of the Early Modern Times, as well as a survey on the trend of management function of residential areas of the Modern Times, and finally, concludes with consideration given to the matters revealed by the “Machi” community of the Early Modern Times.

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Meiji Government established Hokkaido Development Office in Hokkaido in 1869. One of the major enterprises was coal mining. In 1879, the Development Office opened Horonai Mine and, in 1889, the public mining company was moved to the private sector (Hokkaido Colliery & Railway (Ship) Co.) Today, after 100 years, many mines have been opened in Hokkaido and developed into mining cities. However, in recent years, mines after another was closed and facilities since the early development age have been destroyed and references are being lost. The history of the housing for miners go back to the Meiji Development Period and it represents the history of the company housing in Hokkaido and it is an important part of the history of housing. One of the characteristics of the housing for miners is that it was started with the deforestation. We selected the housing at the Hokkaido Colliery and Ship Co. and Mitsui Sunagawa Colliery and we collected references and performed surveys on current conditions and took measurement on major buildings. We did this in order to clarify on characteristics and transition of the housing. The time period covered is from the Meiji Development Period when the deforestation took place and to the Showa 20's. The following are the contents of our research. (1) Horonai Mine Building Registration Documents (2) Transition of housing for miners at the Hokkaido Colliery and Ship Co. (3) Transition of housing Mitsui Sunagawa Colliery (4) Housing for staffs at Shikanotani District of the Yubari Mine, the Hokkaido Colliery and Ship Co. From the registration documents of sale of government property and Horonai Public Mine, we found that the following existed: government housing, miners housing, foreman housing, and a prison house. Ever since opening, Hokkaido Colliery & Ship actively build “tenement housing” for housing of miners, which became representative company housing. The transition of housing common to Hokkaido Colliery & Ship and Mitsui Sunagawa Colliery is that there was a qualitative improvement in the living space at war times. This was closely related to recruitment of miners on the mining policies. At the Shikanotani Housing of the Yubari Mine of the Hokkaid8 Colliery & Ship, #1 company housing was defined as the highest standard housing. As the number increased, the size became smaller. The earlier version had a western style room. The transition in this company housing is not as drastic as that of the housing for miners.

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This study is a continuation of the 1987's study, COL-LAPSE AND FORMATION OF A “STYLE” and tries to interpret and assess contemporary Japanese houses. The survey was conducted not only in urban areas but also in local cities and rural areas to classify contemporary houses into three major “styles” and delineate them. The first “style” is an urban ready-built house having a western-style living-dining room; and the second is a apartment house, which has contributed to the modernization of Japanese housing. The last “style” is a rural house with Japanese-style rooms partitioned by sliding doors. This rural style which still leaves some touch of old traditions is now spreading throughout the farming villages. In this study, observations and researches in rural areas in addition to the accumulated descriptions of experiences were also investigated. Researches of each “style's” features and its formation and transformation processes have outlined Japanese contemporary housing's distinctive characteristics to study: (1) a shift from open rooms with sliding partitions to closed private rooms, (2) a combination of western-style and Japanese-style rooms, (3) role of a living room with closed private rooms, (4) relations with the society. Survey themes for (1) were a Japanese-style room's traditional openness and space continuity between rooms, introduction of walls following the housing westernization, the traditional suite of Japanese-style rooms and coexistence of a Japanese-style room and a western-style room. As for (2), studies were made over life's westernization or introduction of chairs in everyday life, habit of sitting on floor, the newly established life style of using a sofa in a western-style living room and the sitting style, and Japanese-style rooms in a western-style house. Study subjects of (3) were the appearance of the idea of house planning according to its function and separation of private life and public life, meaning of a private room and a living room, retention or revival of the formal space and the concept of “formal and informal” and “public and private.” In relation to (4), investigation was conducted over a room to receive guests, relations between home and the society, and a house's closed characteristic against outdoors. We have chronologically examined the flow of contemporary Japanese house changes in relation with the antithetical forces to spur an alteration and to maintain traditional “styles” and found the dynamism of housing transformation, The development of future Japanese housing will depend on our own respect toward culture, dweller's own effort, and especially the effective use of information.

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In this research, we have examined a house from images that contain psychological scenery and values over the past, present and future based on: survey on reminiscence concerning traditional house, attitudinal survey of habitants concerning the most up-to-date modern housing, survey on desirable housing in the future. In the “past”, we followed the flow in the traditional Japanese housing by the psychological image. We will clarify the meaning of the traditional space in a house which is lost from the modern housing and the changes in the hallway which still remain in the modern housing. In the “present”, we survey the Tama NT Minami-Osawa, which is a new concept housing, We point out that younger generation think highly of L-hall type without the hall rather than the general public-private separation type. At the same time, the example where the “space creates clear life image and makes one think that one really likes the space.” For example, in the space composition where rooms are situated around the atrium in the living room, the “rich family's house” is the one stairways coming down into the living room, “resort feeling” is the house where hallway in the air runs through the atrium, and an “European apartment house” is a house with a pent-house with mini-kitchen and a shower. In the “future” the desirable image of a housing is sorted in agegroup: a children's story effect of a five-year old, realization effect of a ten-year old, design effect of a fifteen old, differentiation effect of 20-year old, media effect of 30 to 40-year old. In the following are clarified; that by looking at the space, living image as a whole is conceived of and the space is evaluated from the living image and when one considered that there is a dream, then one feels one would like to live there. From the above examinations, the general housing in the current era is defined as the original form of a coarse housing which is a creation from the traditional Japanese housing with the emphasis on equality, rationality and functionality. It is concluded that the Japanese housing is expected to mature into a housing in which “the habitants feel they are given certain images which create dreams” In concrete terms, it was proposed that for the above purpose, one of the possible forms is to “have a room composition with the atrium in the living room which is surrounded by rooms.” In the future, there will be a search for “a housing that would give images making the habitants feel there is a dream in it” in a variety of forms, combined with the responses for different types of habitants.

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Having developed on European and American models, collective housings in Korea have something in common with those of Japan. Yet, because of different social and historical backgrounds, there can be found some differences between Korean and Japanese development. The object of this study is to clarify the differences that may help us think about future directions of development in Japan. We did a comparative study of high-rise collective housings built in the past 10 years in, metropolitan areas of Korea and Japan. Analysis was made on density and composition of ground plans ; correlation between height, site and supplier of the housing and density, and correlation between space features with various index. Main components of ground plans were diagrammed to correlate them with norms for housing plans. The result of the analysis shows that in metropolitan areas of both Korea and Japan, density of collective housing plans is getting higher, space areas of housing is expanding, ratio of installation of parking lots is growing higher. The difference was found in measures taken in coping with the high density. In Korea, there seems to be more positive attitude in introducing high-rise housings and more attention is paid to comfortableness of high-rise housings than in Japan. In pursuing expansion of space areas, it is common in Japan to make the depth longer keeping enough space between adjacent buildings, while in Korea it is opposite. To obtain parking lots, indoor parking lots are preferred in Japan in an attempt to keep as much greenery space and public open space as possible. In Korea, many cases are found that public open spaces are made into outdoor parking lots. With increase of space areas of housing plans, priority goes to the increase of the number of rooms in Japan, while in Korea enrichment of a master bedroom or improvement of a kitchen and bathroom areas are considered to be more important. Discussion and exchange of opinions took place between Korean and Japanese researchers to clarify what is common and what is not common in housing planning.

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The major goal of this research is “to clarify upon the basic improvements and development plan for planning in the rural-urban fringe the habitation of urban habitants from the stand point of forming communities and living environment by tapping into the social and spatial stock in the rural area.” As features of this study, emphases are placed on (1) a combination of current status analysis and stock analysis and (2) step-wise space levels. Not only by noting the relationship between the urban and rural areas, but also viewpoints putting stress on plans for receiving urban habitants into rural areas. In this sense, abstract arguments are avoided as much as possible and establishment of more concrete methodology is emphasized. In order to obtain the stability of the index for evaluating the rurban area, generalization by typologyzing which emphasizes the reading of stocks in local areas is combined with complex index obtained by analysis of current conditions. The procedure for research begins, firstly, by considering the rurban areas from a wider-area point of view, clarifying the tasks of planning on the wider-area level. The selection of the subject areas on the city, township and village levels were made upon the consideration. Secondly, village is considered to be effective as a realistic planning unit. At first, space stock of the villas as the condition of receiving rurban village is selected for reading in. The social stock of the village is defined as “village characteristics” for analysis. Then, in order to examine the mixture format of the old and new habitants, typologyzing of mixture format of the old and new habitants (local community types) is performed. The effectiveness of typologyzing is verified from the point of view of community formation and the form of newcomer's residence is examined from the space aspects. Thirdly, the above analysis results are made into index and basic viewpoints for the development of rurban village is considered. As the form of mixed existence of residences of old and new habitants, the “mixture type” is established. By examining the mixture type, concrete method of development is considered.

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In 1960's, during the years of the nation's rapid economic growth, there emerged in the suburban towns of Osaka city, areas filled with wooden apartment houses of low rent to provide low-cost housings for those young workers who came to seek jobs in Osaka megalopolis. It seems like that the areas have now come into a turning point in their history in an aspect of the aged condition of either the building themselves or residents themselves. The cases of aged people living alone in outworn apartment houses have been accelerated these days. However, the worn-out wooden houses provide the aged households with incomparable conveniences; an easy access to public transportation that takes them anywhere they want, to facilities where they can buy whatever they want for their daily life, to their children, relatives and friends who live relatively close by and more than anything else the privilege of low cost of living and the low rent. The wooden apartment houses are “low level houses that don't meet the minimum standard of living” for sure, but at the same time they are “affordable housings” and familiar “communities” for those low income aged households living there. In a series of study, we first dealt with a good example of “Inner Area” in Mano district of Kobe City, that is the masses of local collective housings (Study No. 8809) and this time we surveyed the areas of wooden housings in the suburban towns of Osaka forming a fringe area (Study No. 8908). Seen from the view point of urban planning, these two areas are burdened with problems without doubt, because their physical environment badly needs to be improved, Yet, from the view point of welfare, we found that these are have an important role for providing the aged households with easy and stable living. A better housing policy for the aged should integrate the two aspects. In improving the deteriorated environment, re-building alone does not solve problems. It seems to be an urgent need to seek various ideas which can be called as “public management system for private rental housings for the aged by non-governmental devices”. The ideas can be as “the rentpaid by public housing corporative for sub-renting”, “a subsidiary system for reforming houses” based on agreement between owners and renters, “a rent subsidiary system” for stable supply of housings for the aged, etc.

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This study is consisted of two parts. The goal as a whole is to study the participation of tenants in the management of condominiums. In part one of the study, in order to consider the perspectives of tenants in management of a condominium, we have looked at the types of participation of tenants in the management of rental apartment house and reasons for participation.. From surveys of public rental house owners, tenant associations, and private rental house owners, the followings were found. 1. In public rental houses, there is much participation of tenants in the management of the houses. However, the participation differs depending on whether the houses are the ones built by Japanese Housing Corporation, Municipal Housing Corporation, or Municipalities. The principles of the housing management of the owner (the supplier) are strongly refracted on the types of participation. There tends to be more participation in the management of the houses built by Municipalities. 2. Management behaviors of participants are seen much in those that need to be processed at the housing and those that are urgent; in the public housing, operations of the common facilities such as parking spaces and assembly rooms, on-site work such as housing maintenance operations including cleaning of common areas, and life management operations needed for community life in the apartment buildings. The participation of the tenants are seen in selection of the methods of facility management operations. 3. The reasons for participation of tenants in the management of the housing is reduction of management cost on the owners of housing. By having the habitants of the housing work on the on-site work, personnel needed at the housing can be done away. 4. One of the effects of participation of tenants in the housing management can reflect the demands of the habitants in the improvement of the living environment. Others are activation of the habitant activities of apartment housing and improvement and betterment of community life in the apartment housing. 5. In the private rental housing, the participation of tenants in housing management is less than that in the public rental housing. The reason for this is smaller common facility area in the private rental housing and smaller number of unit of private housing itself. It is considered that, for the above reasons, there are fewer situations calling for .the participation of tenants in housing management. Secondly, there is ho using management policy that selects the tenants so that there will be less trouble in community life. 6. From the actual participation by tenants in the management of rental housing above, a variety of types of tenant participation in the condominiums can be conceived of. These will be considered in the second part.

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This study is aimed to prove that such concepts as “acoustically defined architecture” and “acoustically defined towns and cities” exist so that these concepts can bring new aspects in the study of architecture and sceneries. Following the last year's study in which were studied five different types of streets in the Kanda area and which dealt mostly with basic methodological discussions, this year we expanded the field study areas to five areas of Asakusa, Koenji, Ueno, Tsukishima and Fukagawa. Picking up five commercial towns that are considered to have played an important role featuring the areas, we studied and analyzed the towns and architecture from an auditory aspect. As a result, we have come to a conclusion that architecture exists not only as an object but also as auditory effect in three phases; permanent buildings that exist acoustically; permanent buildings that don't exist acoustically; buildings that acoustically exist but not permanently. As the factors that compose acoustically defined towns and cities, followings are recognized to be important in addition to “the constructional characteristic of a building” that was studied last year. “traffic” that have to do with footwear and types of pavement, “broadcasting system” including background music and advertisement on air, “other devices” like stalls and carts that sell and serve food and “human voices” of calling and business talks. This study proved that 1) such concept as “acoustically defined architecture” and “acoustically defined towns and cities” exist, and introduced several auditory methods to deal with sceneries, clarified that 2) auditory concept of architecture can expand its sphere by putting light on relation with human activities, and recognized that 3) “auditory scenery” can become an effective tool to bring more comprehensive understanding of areas dealt in urban studies.

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Recently the bay area has been extensively developed into a new residential area, therefore it is necessary to examine and study relations between a newly developed district and an adjacent urban district, the bay area's geographical characteristics, basic conditions for living such as natural environment and living environment, and safety and crime prevention. This study aims at grasping the true living conditions in the bay area and finding problems to be solved through the questionnaire conducted in Yashio and Shibaura districts in Tokyo, which were chosen as model districts. The questionnaire, which was distributed from September 25th to 27th in 1989 and collected from Septembei 28 to October 7 in 1989, covered (1) what residents live in what dwelling conditions, (2) what evaluation and demands residents have towards their housing environment and the houses they currently live in, (3) what they think of the bay area and how they take advantage of that, (4) what crime prevention and disaster measures they take and what injuries or damages they have actually suffered, and (5) how they estimate high rise housing. According to the result, short commuting time from home to a place of work-among the bay area's geographical characteristics-gained favorable evaluation, however the reality of the development appeared to be far from the one in harmony with the surroundings. Residents are anxious about disasters which high-rise buildings and soft reclaimed land might cause and worry about supply and processing facilities' interruptions which the bay area's geographical factors might trigger. The questionnaire also confirmed an increase of urban-type crimes.

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The decrease of population of settled residents in midtown has been a serious problem. In seeking policies to improve living environment that might stop the decrease and encourage settlement in the midtown area, we carried a survey in down-town of Chuo Ward, a typical area of scarce population, by collecting opinions on conditions of living by sending questionnaires to people living near the Tokyo station and the Ginza Street. Out of approximate 4,000 buildings in the area, 34% buildings claim that people actually live there. And the larger the buildings, the fewer the residents. That means with the increase of huge-scale buildings, people are forced to move out. The result of the questionnaire reveals a feature of a typical resident in the area; living in a two-storied house built on one' s own land, the first floor being a shop and the second floor a residence and getting aged after living in the area for many years. Most of them realize that the decrease of population is a serious problem for them and that some measures should be taken to recover the population. Those living in lower floors feel that their environment has been deteriorated because of less sunshine coming in. They are familiar with festivals, events and history of the area. Flowing out of residents from the area means that few people are left with knowledge of the history of the area. As a scale to show a degree of openness to outside, the number of faces was defined. The correlation of the number of faces open to outside and consciousness of residents toward living environment showed that residents with more openings are more conscious with sunshine environment. One of the reasons of moving out of the Ward is deteriorated living environment. In an aim to seek improvement of living environment, we made a feasibility study of re-building present housings by a joint system or by moderation of measurement capacity of living space.

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The problem of urban living in central area, which is known as the inner city problem, had been a big issue in 1970' s, when the international phenomenon of urban decline became conspicuous. In 1980's the situation grew worse, and the metropolitan government had to take various measures to increase population in the central area. Furthermore, recent explosion of office demand in the central Tokyo caused a surge of the land price making it difficult to start new construction of houses. It also resulted in hampering existing living functions. Thus the problem of urban living in central area has reached a new phase. This urban living problem has started to affect other big cities, however it is inappropriate to deal with the problem by simply applying the case of Tokyo without considering each big city's unique characteristics. Tokyo is a special city being the center of international politics and economy. This study compares city center functions of three big cities in the Kansai region, Kyoto, Osaka, and Kobe and analyzes their living structures. It tries to investigate urban living in a broad perspective and to grope for future city policies and a way of housing supply. This study consists of three sections. The first section is about basic problems concerning urban living. It examines the central area's multi-functions and clearly indicates the problems which the urban living argument harbors. The second section analyzes the present state of urban living in the Kansai region using various statistics. It gives clear images of dwellers in the Tokyo area and the Kansai region and then makes a comparative analysis of Kyoto, Osaka, and Kobe from various viewpoints. In the third section, dwellers' opinions toward urban living are analyzed based on the survey results of dwellers in big cities in the Kansai region. By distributing a questionnaire, it gets hold of dwellers' life styles and clarifies their tendencies on the whole. By conducting individual inter-viewing, it gives further investigation to some problems. It also studies the relationship of dwellers with their neighbors in the city center.

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After World War II, the living standard of Japan has remarkably risen, but the standard of living environment remains still far to be desired. 20% of total households in urban areas still live in living environment below the minimum level, and more than 70% find their living environment still below the standard level. It is an urgent need to develop good and highquality of living environment that turn to be a stock of social capital. For this purpose, it is strongly suggested that agreeable living environment should be created in urban areas by re-developing midtown areas and bay areas. In seeking an ideal environment that provides an appropriate basis for living in midtown and that establishes a life style for the next urban generation, we studied actual condition of midtown living in European senior cities. such as 1) London, 2) Paris, 3) Lisbon and Barcelona, 4) Venice and 5) Athens. In these countries people have long enjoyed 2 full day weekends and long vacations and accordingly their life styles and living spaces should be different from ours. Also to clarify the lifestyle of midtown and resort life at the same time during long vacations, our surveys covered the seaside areas of Athens. The survey was carried mainly by visiting and interviewing households and collecting visual data such as photos, pictures and drawings.

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The British housing policy has been highly evaluated as a model of housing policy with the emphasis on public housing. However, the British housing policy has gone through major changes throughout the 1980's. Especially, the local governments will have to establish new measures in their relationship with the local residents and the central government, as there has been reduction in the housing budget by the central government along with the promotion of house ownership and down-scaling of council housing policy. In this study, we focus on the search of new housing policy by the local governments. We will verify that the new policy is an enlargement of old policy from mainly council housing policy to the one more comprehensive which includes private sector housing. We will also verify that the new policy is an conversion to the administrative service system which is closer to the needs of local residents. Through these, we will clarify the basic requirements for the future local housing policies. Firstly, we will outline the trends in the British housing policy in the 1980's. By looking at the changes in the authority and roles of the central government and local authorities and financial system of housing policy by local authorities, we will verify the dissolving of the welfare state policy in the post war period and strengthening of central government control in the housing policy and introduction of market principle which is countered by decentralization by the housing policy by local authorities and efforts to establish comprehensive housing policy. Through these, we will clarify the “local housing policy. ”which is the keyword in our study. Secondly, we will analyze housing policy organizations of some of the local authorities and contents of “local housing policies.” The contents of the policies are; decentralization, grasping demands for local housing, establishment of comprehensive local housing plan, and system of local resident participation. Thirdly, in order to more concretely grasp the contents and actual state of “local housing policy”, the contents of housing management of some of local authorities were clarified in contrast with the trends for decentralization. In this study, we reached the following conclusion; the local authority housing policies are required to have, “local housing policy with three basic requirement of ①grasp of local housing requirement, ②comprehensive administrative service, and ③ resident participation.”

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With the advance of urbanization and internationalization, some villages and local spaces are nowadays revaluated because they have been co-existing with surrounding different cultures, keeping their own traditional identities. This study aims to clarify theories and mechanism of order formation among these villages who conserved their identity and succeeded in surviving in their history. Swiss Confederation in Central Europe has cultural varieties in itself (four languages of German, French Italian and Rhaeto-Romanic are officially recognized national languages), and each sector has persistently conserved its characteristics. Topographical differences produced various types of living and villages; some are on hills, mountainous areas, and others on lowlands. We were so interested in commonness and differences of these villages which were composed from various cultural settings and natural settings that we tried using comparative study method to clarify mechanism of order formation that produced characters of these villages. Basic concepts that outline this study are “villages”, “space”, “order” and “mechanism of formation” The first step of this study was a field work of certain village throughout Swiss Confederation, then description, comparative study, analysis and classification, and theorization took place. The process of observation, description, comparison and classification of individual sample was repeated to bring an assumption, The first year, 11 series of field work over 48 days were carried. 405 villages were classified according to characteristics of geographical settings, and 12 classifications with 26 sub-classifications were obtained. Then analysis was made on natural and cultural conditions that determine 12 different assumed types; 1) climate and calamities, 2) ecology of plants, 3) topography and production 4) languages and religion. Using Atlas der Schweiz 1984, we described characteristics of commonness and differences of assumed types of villages to extract a typical type. Next year, a further study on the typical type will be made to clarify mechanism of order formation of the villages.

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Followings are the summary of studies and some results obtained from analysis by using land use map that was made from air photographs taken in 1987. • To analyze the relationship between the distribution of residential landuse and geographical factors such as distance and orientation from city center. • To analyze the relationship between the distribution of residential landuse and the distance from trunk roads. • To analyze the urbanization process of Bangkhen-Bangkapi area directing attention to the relationship between shop-house developments and other housing developments. Followings are conclusions we have come up with this year's studies. • Naturally formed housing estates such as SH, UH, UL are concentrated city center and distribute to all direction in the area. The accumulated housing area of this type is 2 to 4 hectare. • Planned housing estates such as LH, HE, LL are distributed in outer area. Its distribution are located along the east bank of the Chaophraya river. The area of this type is 10 to 20 hectare. • The arrangement order of land use from a trunk road to outer area is SH, UH, HE, LH, LL. These housing arrangement are observed as common composition of built up area in Bangkok city, such as shophouse rows line along trunk roads and housing estates developed behind them. • The distance between trunk roads in Bangkhen - Bang kapi area is more than 7.5km wide. Unique combined arrangement between housing estate and shophouse development is observed in this area. The large housing estate is developed at inside block of this large district and access roads from trunk line to the housing estate are well served, then shop-houses are developed along those roads. This development process suggest that planning control and/or guide line for treatment of development area may workable in order to create urban district with right environmental standard by using private housing development.

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The first aim of this study is to improve the methodology for estimating life time of house units. We developed some method for this purpose applying the concepts of human life tables and the theories of reliability. The essence of the method is; first, calculate the demolishing rate of house unit at each age from the data of remaining house unit number and demolished ones number. Then sum up the demolishing rates from age 0 to an intended age. Then the exponential of the negative of the summation is the remaining rate of house units at that age. In our last study applying this method, we found some problems to be improved. One is how to estimate the reliability of the result. Second is what is the appropriate sample size concerning to the former problem. Third is the computerization of the mathematical analysis process of the field data. Last is the treating method of the periods no house was built. We are developing some computer programs, and undergoing simulations to solve these problems. The second aim is, following the last study, to collect data and estimate the life time of house units. This time we selected 49 major cities, most of those are the cities where the province government offices are located. And the cities of Kawasaki and Kitakyflshfl are also included because they have over a million people. The objects are the detached house units of wood, of steel and of reinforced concrete. The source of data are the ledgers for the fixed property tax, and the numbers of the remaining house units at Jan. 1st of 1987, and those of the demolished ones in 1987 were collected. The data were grouped by newly built years. We described the reality of demolishment of house units upon the data. Then we calculated the average life time as the time when 50% of a cohort, a supposed group of house units, will have been demolished. And the all-over demolishing rates were also calculated. Using these two indices we analyzed the difference between the groups of provinces. As for the house units of wood, we reassured the results of our last study. But as for the units of the other structural materials, the tendencies seem to be a little different from those of wood.

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Having the olfactory panel smell the air in an existing indoor space, we compared the perceived air pollution level and concentrations of chemical substances. The number of occupants who participated in the measurements of odor was 615 and there were 93 persons on the panel. In evaluating the perceived air pollution, Yaglou's odor intensity scale and the questionnaire asking whether the freshness of the air was acceptable or not were used. Along with the subjective evaluation, temperature, humidity concentrations of CO, CO2 and suspended particles and PMV values were measured as well. As a result, even though concentrations of CO, CO2, and suspended particles were found lower than the standard levels set by the Building Management Law, there were many cases where the perceived air pollution level was high. As we quantified the odors from floor and wall materials using the olf unit to express perceived air pollution as proposed by Fanger, we found odor intensity from floor and wall materials equivalent to the body odor of 26 people. In order to examine the effects of the air temperature on the voting of perceived air pollution, we set several temperature levels within the comfortable temperature range. Under these environments, we examined the changes in odor assessment depending on the temperature change by producing air polluting substances into the environment. The panel of 37 female and 35 male students with total of 72 and two of each as occupant smokers joined in the experiment. Bioeffluents (body odor) and cigarette smoke were used as air polluting substances and three types of experiment with 20, 23, and 26℃ of indoor air temperature were made. In evaluating perceived air pollution in the space, Yaglou's odor intensity scale, questionnaires as to whether the air was acceptable or not, and the scales for voting acceptability of the air were used. As a result, in the experiment using bioeffluent as the source of perceived air pollution, no significant effects of the temperature difference within the range of 20 to 26℃ on the voted values of the olfactory sensation were found. Furthermore, in the experiment where cigarette smoke was used as the source of perceived air pollution, it turned out that the higher the air temperature (between 20 to 26℃), the higher the odor intensity and percentage of dissatisfied and the lower the voted values of acceptability.

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Although recently built houses have been becoming air-tight especially in urban areas partly to reduce energy consumption rate by decreasing ventilation heat losses, extensive study on effective local ventilation systems for highly airtight houses have not been made so far. Since low ventilation rate usually causes various problems such as indoor air pollution, people seem to be exposed to more serious danger on indoor air quality than the past. Under these circumstances, this study aimed at development of effective local ventilation equipments, and this report shows early stage results of the project, which cover present problems of the equipments obtained from investigation with a questionnaire and development of computational simulator for estimating effectiveness of local ventilation systems. The analysis of the questionnaire results are summarized as follows: The heating and cooling equipments are not evaluated only from their running cost and capacity, but controllability of both indoor air quality and humidity is regarded important among users. Occupied rooms are rather frequently ventilated even in case of heating and cooling conditions, however, not a few residents are unwilling to ventilate rooms because of inflow of untempered outside air and outflow of room air, and due to outside noise. Problems associated with indoor air quality such as indoor air pollution, dew condensation and mold occur rather frequently. As for the present local ventilation equipments, many residents do not feel like operating them because of infiltration of outside air and their mechanical noise. It may be concluded that the supply air for the local ventilation equipments should be tempered and low noise devises should be developed by improving capture effectiveness of polluted air and by reducing exhaust flow rate. The comparative study of numerical simulation of diffusion processes of buoyancy affected concentration and corresponding experiments suggested following results: Even if the exhaust opening is located at the same position of a room, the indoor distribution of gas concentration is significantly affected by the location of fresh air inlet. The diffusion process of buoyant gas contaminant is markedly different from that of neutral gas, therefore, buoyancy should always be taken into account for precise understanding of gas dispersion mechanism. Since the numerical results correspond fairly well to the experimental data, this method can be used as a practical design tool of effective local ventilation equipments.

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Asthma and other allergenic diseases have recently become one of big social problems. Other than food, such things or phenomena as air pollution, mites, pollen or fungi in living environment are considered as allergens, Fungi, especially, have much to do with the change of living styles and the improvement of thermal insulation and airtightness of housing. Through investigation of actual conditions of allergy caused by fungi, the degree of their pollution in living environment of patients, measurement methods, and conditions for fungi to grow, this study aimed to predict the amount of fungi to which patients are exposed and to consider integrated prevention measures. At first, opinions and information on relation between fungal allergy infantum and housing structure were collected. Surveys were carried in summer and winter respectively to see how and what type of fungal grows. From knowledge already we had, major kinds of fungi that grow in household were collected. To pursue measurements of the amount of fungi that come through airways of housings, it was necessary to take measurements in many houses. Basic features of measuring apparatus of passive type were needed to be determined so that we could ask families of patients to measure themselves. We found that falling method to measure the amount of fungal particles for about 12 hours could be used. About the growth of fungi, the influence of the vapor pressure and humidity on the wall was surveyed in actual houses. And also, the growth rate of fungi in construction materials, straw mats etc, was determined. Then it was studied how much the change of temperature affects the growth rate. Based on the findings of the survey, some preventive methods against allergy caused by fungi in housing environment are suggested.

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