Our Study is primarily aimed at documenting the individual characteristics of form and structure of traditional houses in Mexico and Indonesia. Following the field surveys in Mexico in the last fiscal year, field surveys of building structure and dwelling forms were conducted in eight traditional villages/houses in Indonesia in our study of this fiscal year. There are few differences in the regional natural features of Indonesia, though the country is made up of a number of islands. However, dwelling forms have marked regional characteristics, reflecting the racial diversity of the country. In order to analyze these characteristics, domain theory was employed to grasp the special configuration of houses. In concrete terms, the domain of the nest structure was designated according to basic elements of generative area : boundary, interior and exterior. The nest structure has primary limits, which are formed near buildings, and secondary limits which divide houses from villages. The interface space, a device created by part of the boundary, was defined as the threshold, which then was classified into convex type, concave type and plain type. Also, the building interiors were divided into loft floor and under floor, in the vertical direction. Investigations were conducted using these concepts in order to clarify similarity and disparity in the spatial configuration of houses. In order to elucidate formative characteristics, four methods of transformation were adopted for the studies ; 1 ) transcendence of scale-display of the height and length of house ; 2 ) singular shapes-roof, ridge ornament, sculpture of pillar, etc.; 3 ) characteristic elements-langar, megalith, men's house, women's house, ceremony house, festival plaza, animism house, etc ; and 4 ) patterns of configuration-compound form, relationship between the compassdirection and the direction of the ridge, pillar arrangement based on animism, and so on. Our studies showed that these four methods indicate tribal identity and promote diversity between houses. As for the structural characteristics of the traditional house, comparative analysis was conducted regionally on the vertical load, structural material and construction method of the joints of the components of the framework. Structural problems of modern houses were also indicated. Finally, a comparative analysis on the process of transformation of traditional houses under the influence of modernization was conducted between houses in Japan, Mexico and Indonesia at three different levels-material, shape element and style.

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Continuing the study of last year on the dwelling style of the Tibet-Burmese linguistic group in Northwestern Yunnan and Tibet, this year we surveyed dwellings and villages of Yongning Moso's matrilineal society and of the Xiaoliangshan Yi nationality's slave society in a rather limited area, Ning-lang, Yunnan. Focusing on Luoshui villages of Yongning. Luoshui consists of the lower village of Moso along Lake Luku, and the upper village of Pumi at the foot of a mountain. Both Moso people and the Pumi nationality belong to the Tibet-Burmese linguistic group and are assumed to be descendants of the old nomadic tribe of “Qiang” extraction. While Moso people, being earlier settings, form a matrilineal society based on Achu Relation (marriage visiting a wife) , the Pumi nationality, immigrants at the time of the Mongolian invasion in the 13th century, originally formed partrilineal society based on monogamy. Since Lake Luku is the source of their living, Moso people in the lower village have been leading the society transfiguration, followed by the newcomers in the upper village (Pumi nationality) . Consequently the Pumi society and culture has been considerably “Mosorized”. “Mosonization” is especially conspicuous in the dwelling type, and the Pumi form has almost assimilated into the Moso type. The Pumi society, while still maintaining monogamy in principle, seems to be changing into a matrilineal society where a matriarch adopts a son-in-law from the lower village into her family. This report gives a detailed description of four Moso and Pumi dwellings in Luoshui and studies the relationship between social trans-figuration and dwelling type. Research on dwellings of the Xiaoliangshan Yi nationality point out three noteworthy characteristics ; particularly the close resemblance of their spatial parting around a fireplace, and their seating practice in relation to the spatial structure around a “lower furnace” at Moso dwellings. Furthermore, this study gives architectural genealogies of buildings in Northwest Yunnan ;(1) Position of newly-discovered central post supporting ridgepole style buildings and ( 2 ) Roots of log cabin style structures.

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Row houses are easily found in many cities of South East Asia. The purpose of this study is to clarify characteristics, styles and historical features of these row houses by conducting field surveys and studying documents. The surveys were con-fined to houses of common people connected each other and built on streets for two centuries in the city residential areas. Through systematic studies of related documents and research papers, such cities as Pattani, Penang, Melaka, Jakarta, Semarang, Menpawah and Sungaipunyu were chosen for field surveys. Many of them are Chinese towns. In the field survey, we measured houses, visited residents, made inquiries and observed how the houses have been preserved and maintained. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, there are three types of patterns in residential areas; frontier type, traditional port-city type and colonial city type. All the cities first started as frontier type and have undergone changes to become permanent residential areas and row houses protected by traditional authorities and colonial powers. England and Holland used to have different attitudes toward local residents causing development of different patterns of residential areas and row houses. Often roofed terraces are built between streets and residents, which become extension of shops during daytime. These terraces are not usually connected to adjacent houses, but we found connected corridors in British colonial cities where Singapore type city planning was introduced. In the process of development of colonial control, roofed terraces changed into connected corridors, but the inside of the houses remained unchanged; the house is composed of a front room and a court yard. There are two types of plans; narrow front unsymmetrical type (LC type) and wide front, axial symmetry type (TO type). Either type is built of the unit of a room and a court yard having more informal spaces to the back. A front room is a place for business, for worshipping ancestors, for receiving guests while the space from a court yard to the back is kept for home life. With this plan in which houses are built in parallel, the only place to contact neighbors is the street and the roofed terrace. Row houses can be compared to a warp while streets can be compared to a woof. China towns are woven of the warp and the woof.

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During the nineteenth century the population of Rome, London, Paris, and Barcelona increased unexpectedly, so that a lot of urban dwellings were constructed in the redeveloped areas or the new residential quarters. The aim of this paper (part 2) on houses or apartment houses built in the four cities is to study the plan of dwellings, the arrangement of blocks where they were built and their facade design. For that purpose several case study areas were selected in each city, and houses or apartment houses in the areas were mutually compared. When planning blocks, inner courts were basically provided in the center. While houses entirely enclose all around the block in Paris and Barcelona, they do not enclose in Rome and London in order to reduce the mass volume of the house-building. Entering from the street into the inner court there found the stairs, to approach each house. While in Paris the inner court is paved, in the other cities several trees are planted. The house at the corner of the block in London is built in right angle, but is obliquely cut in Rome, Paris and Barcelona. Each house is faced both on the street and on the inner court, and the planning follows the traditional one. Generally speaking, the house is five or six stories high and the facade design is based on that of Italian palazzo building. Because the height of house buildings is much the same a certain townscape is created as we see in the city of Paris. The architectural styles are varied classical and baroque styles are observed, and we could call it eclectic. Although there various architectural styles, basic design is rooted in the traditional one of each city. Thus the architectural and towns-cape succession is kept without break.

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The object of this study is to clarify how the area between Kobe and Osaka has been developing as representative housing estates in modern Japan, through consulting many documents and surveying this area. There are some reasons for this area's development as housing estates, First of all it has the most suitable natural conditions : surrounded by hills to its north and Osaka Bay to its south. Secondly transportation services which combined the two cities were supplied earlier in this area. For example a railway service started second in Japan between Kobe and Osaka (1874) and then Hanshin Corporation started its railway service in 1905, next, Hankyu Corporation in 1919. Third these private railway corporations actively planned to develop housing estates along their lines and it contributed greatly to the development of suburban housing estates. In the Taisho era many land readjustment projects. were carried out in Ashiya and Nishinomiya and it promoted supplies of housing estates. Moreover private land developers planned to supply housing estates in present Shukugawa in Nishinomiya and Rokurokuso in Ashiya. Industrialization in large cities brought about air pollution and lowered the quality of the living environment, so people began to pay attention to suburban housing estates, which carried these developments forward but all of them were not always good. As a good example of planning a superior housing estates development in Kansai, a housing exposition was held by the Architectural Association of Japan in the 11th year of the Taisho era (1922) . Stimulated by this Hankyu Corporation, Shin-Itami housing estates (1935) and Mu-konoso housing estates (1937) . were developed. Both of them had good living environment with radiate axes. Sumiyoshi • Mikage district (old Sumiyoshimura • Mikage-cho) between Kobe Osaka was also noticed as residential areas and especially many mansions were built there. Investigating the design of middle class residences in the area between Kobe and Osaka built before the World War II, we noticed a good many of them adopted elements of Japanese style. It shows that people in Kansai think conservatively in building their houses.

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This study is a continuation of study No. 9001, which examined the causes of recent formation of central corridor style farm houses and the reasons of succession of a regional plane structure (especially the Zashiki, a drawing room structure). It had three objectives. The first was to clarify, by region and year, the actual situation as to how the change in a farm house style tool place and to indicate that the new type farm houses still maintain their traditional plane structure characteristic of a region. The second was to study the causes of the formation and the succession as well as their historic meanings. The third was to research, based on the above analysis, the process of dwelling development, or a new style formation, and to propose a law of dwelling and lifestyle development. As for the first theme, the formation and to the succession were proved to be a nationwide phenomena. For the second and the third, however, more survey in other areas where different types of houses existed was necessary, because causes and historic meanings varied with the region. Given the opportunity to continue the study this year, we made researches into front-earthen-floor type houses in south Fukui and house with “Kagi” style Zashiki in central Ooita. This study makes a comparative research in order to clarify (1) why the central corridor style was introduced in mid-1960s, (2) why the Zashiki structure continues to exist and its regional characteristics are maintained, and (3) how the farm families define the reasons.

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The conventional custom-built wooden housing system is now facing severe competition with large scale house-makers which are expanding their market share, and the development of new construction technologies. On the other hand, however, interest in regional house building especially by master-builders has been growing again, propelled by diversified needs and increasing concern over regional identities. The future of designs and buildings by custom housing-makers and master-builders depend on how they cope with the development of new technologies and diversified needs now. This study comprehensively outlines various types of regional housing, analyzes design systems, based on production systems and plan and construction processes, and discusses the characteristics of regional housing and its future problems. Supplementing last year's survey on “Igura” type housing of east Hiroshima and the “Itazu” system, we examined the operation and the business line of some custom housing makers, construction companies, and lumber dealers, who build “Igura” type houses. We also studied one particular case involving the “Itazu” system which introduced the precut system, in order to examine how a new technology influences construction. Then to clarify production systems and plan and construction processes we surveyed directly managed housing construction and a construction in Kyoto by master-builders and a designer in order to see how decisions on each section are made. The above researches and the existing data give the full picture of housing construction directly managed by a builder and housing constructions by small-to-medium-sized builders and designers or by large housing makers, clarifying each type's particular characteristics. Re-examining what roles residents, master-builders, engineering offices, and designers have played establishing new cooperative relations among them, and grouping for the role and possibility of new professions such as architect builders will be future themes. Another theme will be seeking to locate the housing which possesses its identity, is integrated with its regional environment, and yet reveals the resident's personality.

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The paper is intended as an investigation of the three items of dwelling houses in Japan after the war. 1 .Development of a dwelling house plan image-filing system The dwelling house plans can be expressed and processed by means of binary data, and consist of a number of vertical lines and horizontal lines. In view of these characteristics, three items are examined carefully as follows. • It has been made clear that “Multistage Split Encoding” used as a method of compressing binary data has a high compression ratio ; • The two-dimensional XOR (exclusive OR) processing har enabled the identity of the horizontal direction and of the vertical direction to be established in the automatic correction of angles. And an algorithm to rotate those images only through the use of the addition/subtraction of positive integers has been set up ; • It has been elucidated that it is very useful in retrieving overlapped ones by means of the degree of similarity calculated by the characteristic of shape, regardless of its scale or position. 2 . Dwelling house plan image-filing The data that have been fed into a computer are taken from three Japanese journals : “New House” (4525 houses, 1956 -1991) “Shin Kenchiku” (1739 houses, 1956-1991) ; and “Kenchiku Bunka” (1288 houses, 1955-1991) . Comparison of those journal items with one another has revealed that there is a difference among them. 3 , Extraction and analysis of data from those plans In this paper, the houses carried in “New House” are considered to be intermediate in level between those in “Shin Kenchiku” (or “Kenchiku Bunka”) and in leaflets (or handbills). And therefore, the 211 houses randomly sampled from “New House” are used in analysis. One item is allotted for an objective variables while the other are for explanatory variables in a way that a multiple regression analysis of the numerical data on these 27 items can be made. The multi-dimensional quantification theory II is used in the analysis of category variables (structure, number of stories, floor on which the living room is) . Most of the results obtained agree approximately with those expected, but some of them prove to be useful after all.

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This study investigated the problems of privacy and security against crimes in a multi-family housing based on a hypothesis that the residents' perception and attitude concerning privacy and security against crimes were function of residents' mutual visual interactions. A personal-computer pro-gram was developed to measureamount of visual radiation from surrounding buildings and paths out each individual housing unit. Then, the relations between the measures of the visual radiation and the residents' responses obtained by a survey using questionnaire were examined. As the result, the residents' sense of privacy and sense of oppression were found to relate with the measures of visual radiation from surrounding buildings and paths. The visual radiation from buildings to outdoor spaces in the housing site was also measured, and it was found that places where residents feel dangerous can be predicted by amount of visual radiation These tendency was more evident in the site with highrise apartments than those with lower apartments.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between life-event annoyance and social psychological factors in community relations, mostly among neighbors. A questionnaire-type survey on community life stress was given to 415 housewives living in collective housing units in two separate residential areas in Sendai, Miyagi-Ken. The results gathered from a total of 205 valid questionnaires showed that there were some significant relationships among factors: 1. the degree of occurrence of “noise-events” and “moral-events” and the degree of annoyance felt them were both highest among stress events surveyed. 2. in “noise-event”, the degree of feelings of giving troubles to others when stress event emitting from one's own was highest among stress events surveyed. 3. using the analysis of Hayashi's Theory of Quantification I , the degree of community life stress annoyance were related to the period of term living in the collective housing unit, age of subjects, and coping pattern toward stressful events, and so on.

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As we approach the “aged society”, it is necessary to develop a complex plan for urban housing and regional facilities. This survey consists of five chapters and tries to clarify the structure of utilization of regional facilities by the aged who live in high-rise housing. This is done through surveys covering such fields as medicine health care, welfare and education, and cultural facilities that are often employed by the aged. In the first chapter, the aim of the study is presented ; in the second chapter, the methods used to carry out the study are delineated. The third chapter is based on the results of a questionnaire given to the aged living in high-rise housing within metropolitan cities. This chapter analyzes the living conditions of the aged, both qualitively, and their evaluation of regional facilities. The correlation between utilization and evaluation was studied for each facility, and it was found that lifestyles of the aged ―such as the number of years spent living in a region, the ways in which free time is spent, family composition, and commitment to the region―are important factors affecting utilization of regional facilities. The fourth chapter is based on a questionnaire given to households living in high-rise housing in the center of local cities and in the surrounding residential areas. A comparison is made between the aged and the middle-aged to clarify the characteristic lifestyles of the two groups, as well as evaluate the recognition and utilization of regional facilities by the aged. In the fifth chapter, a summary of the third and fourth chapters is made. Further comparative studies between metropolitan cities and local cities were undertaken, common and uncommon lifestyles and the actual utilization of regional facilities by the aged. Through these studies, we were able to clarify differences of utilization between metropolitan and local cities and find a certain common tendency between the two in the ratio of recognition to utilization for each type of facility.

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In Japan, there are many barriers which cause discomfort for the elderly in their own houses, which is why renovations to suit their needs are important for the elderly. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the contents of the “House Renovation Support System”, where we mainly deal with the actual conditions and problems that face the “Edogawa Ward House Renovation Aid System for the Elderly,” which is a progressive system because it provides financial assistance which covers all requires cost for renovations. We have carried out surveys among those who utilize that system, the Edogawa Ward government office, and the construction companies. As subsidiary surveys, we also conducted an investigation of the Technical-Aids Stores and the architects who have experience in such renovation. The main results are as follows, (1) The process of renovation : Participation by the elderly themselves and their families in the renovation process leads to high-quality renovations. The support system which provides financial assistance is shown to be useful. (2) The cost incurred for house renovation : The cost of even a small renovation, for example, installation of a handrail, averages to about 170,000 yen, and the cost of construction for the equipment and wood structures are most expensive. (3) The effects of renovation : We investigated the following three points ; 1. house's quality ; 2. the elderly's Activities of Daily Living and care-giver's burdens ; and 3. the elderly's and care-giver's attitude toward their own life. Using these three points, we could clarify the effects due to renovation. However we need to continuously check up the indexes to monitor effects. (4) Repeated renovations : The reasons for repeated renovations are the change in their physical conditions, eagerness to move, and some defects from the first renovation. The repeated renovations due to defects are expected to decrease. We also dealt with the actual conditions and problems encountered in the utilization of the Technical-Aids which is an important problem which should not be overlooked. Since our objective is to compile knowledge and information about the renovations, we organized the elements and contents in order to set up a data base system. It was made clear that the “House Renovation Support System” requires many menus, for example, suitable participations of specialists, popularization of knowledge and information about renovations, financial assistance for the cost to be incurred, and distributions of the Technical-Aids.

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These days, more than half of condominium buildings in the center of the cities are used dwelling units. It suggests that the condominium building plays important roles for kinship dwelling, joint reconstruction, and urban residence. This study stands that the condominium has a factor of transition on supply and demand of dwelling, and on the utilizing style of urban space. The purpose of this study is following: 1. To study this role of the rental dwelling units of condominium and to find some new lights upon the possible policy of practical use on the rental dwelling units of condominium. 2. Making clear and studying how to induce joint reconstruction, the part of condominium playing for urban dwelling. As for the first purpose, it was found that condominium units especially in the regional center of a city, change into rental dwelling units. They make management problem on community life, and sometimes they have serious problems of the obligation of owner or leaseholder. They want public institution and specialists to settle these problems, and expect them to take an active hand on a practical use of rental dwelling units. As for second purpose, non-dwelling-type condominium have important role for urban residence, on the other side, they have the instability factors due to mixed function, mixed resident styles, supranational ownerships, and mutual transference of ownership type and of using type. Since joint reconstruction of condominium does not always make a fine living environment, we need a policy to stabilize the unstable factors mentioned above and to reconstruct the area where the urban dwelling is harmonized with the local community.

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Recently much has been discussed on how renewal construction should be planned and operated. The most concerned question is how to evaluate, inherit and develop the living resources. However, the proprietors, from an administrative stand point, tend to make light of evaluating living resources, while tenants tend to be concerned so much with anxieties caused by possible drastic changes of rent due to the renewal project that they cannot spare their energy on presenting constructive proposals for utilizing living resources. How can we develop activities that give meanings to renewal of housing in the coming of new age ? How can we structure activities that decode and evaluate housing resources by putting importance to “man and life”instead of “establishment and enterprise” What we need today to overcome the confrontation is to find a type of communication through interaction between the two standpoints. It is a new type of collaboration between the two that cannot be achieved by a so called traditional structure of teamwork or communication only but through a process of creating values. Collaboration is a process of creating values that can be shared. Collaboration cannot be achieved by an individual alone but through interactions of powers and wisdom. In this study we examined necessity and possibility of paradigm shift in renewal plans of public housing through case studies of Midori-cho housing of Musashino City where tenants presented a counter plan to the Corporation through collaboration, making a way to a partnership method between the tenants and the Corporation for the first time. Conclusions : 1) a collaboration among tenants enables tenants to express themselves through voluntary actions and brings heated discus-sion among them, which affects the Corporation as well, 2) a collaboration between the group of tenants and the group of specialists creates plans for renewal of living resources and brings counter plans with which tenants can negotiate with the Corporation, 3) by the collaboration method, tenants can participate in the process of planning and open a way to the partnership method with the Corporation.

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Japanese rental housing market is not working as well as its owner-occupied housing market. The landlords have supplied lots of small rental flats mainly because of their expectation that the tenants' frequent moves will give them the chance to revise the rent according to the rising prices and income level. This attitude of the landlords was successful for a long time, supported by the increasing young single population and the difficulty of raising the rent as far as the tenants continue to rent the same dwellings. If the landlords supply some better flats, the tenants won't move for a long time and their rent will not be revised, causing the landlords' real income decrease gradually. However, the increase of the young single population will not be expected anymore because of the age structure of Japanese population. So, the market character will change fairly quickly to such a status that it will make the landlords supply much better dwellings if the government will revise the tenancy law to allow, the landlords to raise the rent of their occupied units much more easily, and also if the landlords were given some incentives to supply better units by way of taxation or financing. Through such changes of housing policies and the market trends, Japanese private housing market will be reorganized into much better situations. The landlords will not expect the tenant to move quickly and they will try to set a more reasonable rent planning to get returns for a longer period. The rents of public housing in Japan are very low in case of old units and fairly high in case of new units, because of the historic cost rent system. If the rent system were reorganized into a much reasonable one by using market rent and the rent exemption beyond their ability to pay, the governments' housing finances will be much sounder, If the big gap between rents of public and private housing disappears, the tenants of the public housing will find it not so advantageous as now to stay in same units continuously. Such situation will make the public housing policy more effective. It will be also helpful to establish better relations between private and public rental housing supplies.

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Our study is aimed at reviewing the new picture of skilled labor and its training systems in order to maintain regional housing production system both steadily and continuously at a time when the existing training systems for skilled labor, which support regional housing production systems, are reaching their limits and changes are made in regional housing production systems du to the introduction of new technologies and methods. This study attaches importance to the elucidation of the actual state level of training for skilled labor, based primarily on research and investigations of skilled labor for regional housing. Major results of the study are as follows. First, on the basis of a time-series analysis of existing statistics, the urgent need to train skilled labor for housing production in the light of its level of supply and demand was pointed out. Second, the differences between skilled labors working for master-builders of different sizes both in the amount of labor and environmental conditions, as well as those in position for training skilled labor among them were better clarified by re-calculating the results of the questionnaire on housing-related skilled labor which was conducted by the Ministry of Construction, and covered master-builders nationwide. Also, types and characteristics of the training systems of skilled labors involved in housing production were made clear by conducting detailed investigations as well as comparative analysis of typical major house builders and master-builders. In addition, we pigeon-holed the actual state of the training for skilled labor involved in interior work of condominiums for the following reasons: that the training for skilled labor in urban areas should be reviewed as well ; that with the great mobility of skilled labor, it will help us deepen our understanding of the issue of the training for skilled labor and to study the effect of such movement on condominium production as well rather than to handle the issue merely as an issue of training for skilled labor involved in the detached house construction system ; and the fact that new technologies and methods are actively introduced to the interior work of condominiums. Lately we elucidated the current state and problems facing the training system for regional skilled labors by collecting advanced cases of regional training for skilled labor and holding interviews.

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The landowners may lose the profit which they would have gained by the development, when the government restricts the development of that area due to the protection of the historical buildings and an urban environment. It is important to solve the problem of unfairness resulting from the restrictions of development. A TDR (Transferable Development Rights) system is expected to be effective for resolving that problem. The first purpose of this research is to analyze what kind of effect the TDR system has on the income distribution between landowners in the area for protection and landowners in the area with no restriction, and to examine whether this system can be effective as policy instrument for correction of unfairness. Second we examine if the alternative instruments, that is, tax on land rent and large-lot zoning can be effective for correcting unfairness, and analyze their effects on the supply of buildings and housing. The conclusions of this research are as follows; First, while the increase of supply of TDR promotes the supply of buildings and houses, their rental prices decrease. The difference of between land rents in both areas increases. Second, the enlargement of the area for protection decreases the supply of buildings and houses and increases their rental prices. The difference of land rents increases. Third, the enlargement of the area for protection has no effects on income distribution when the government decreases the supply of TDR so as to keep the average large-lot ratio constant. Fourth, the alternative instruments, tax on housing rental price or land rent, have the same effect as that of TDR. However, actually it is difficult to implement them. Fifth, the enlargement of the area for protection under large-lot restriction implements the same resource allocation as that under TDR. However, we should notice that the difference of land rents in each area increases.

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Recently indoor surfaces are often treated with fungicide to defense the microbial pollutions in dwellings, which become social problems. On the viewpoint of architectural engineering, positive measures to improve indoor environment where fungi will scarcely germinate or grow may be required . These measures include room allocation material selection ventilation planning and so on . In order to make architectural improvements ,clarification of thermal condition for fungal outbreak is necessary. Exposure tests were conducted where building materials, such as tatami mat, plywood , wallpaper and so on, swabbed with suspension of fungal spores and yolk were set in thermo-hygro-stat. Mould species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and Cladsporium, used in this experiments, frequently grow in Japanese dwellings. Exposure conditions of temperature and relative humidity were changed from 0°C to 45t and from 45% RH to 95% RH. Minute observation for germinations or colony forming were made during 12 days under each exposure condition. All 4 mould of psychotropic and mesospheric fungi germinated and formed colonies in the region of temperature from 20 to 30°C and relative humidity over 90% RH. On the other hand , none of 4 mould germinated in the range under 5t or beyond 45°C with all moisture conditions, and in the range less than 80% RH with all heat conditions. This thermal region for mould germinations is wider than that previously reported by Ohtsuki in 1943. Survey on the actual thermal conditions in bathrooms of several houses during nearly one year demonstrated that bathroom environment of high humidity is optimum for fungal germinations, whose region of temperature and relative humidity is coincident with those clarified by exposure tests, and occurrence of surface condensation on ceiling or wall may be supposed , which is one of the serious factors for mould contamination. Incomplete sweeping in a bathroom will induce to leave body dirt and bubbling of soap, which may be nutritive substance for fungi germinations. This is another factor for the contaminations In fact occupants often claimed frequent fungi outbreak in bathroom. Under this condition , advisable way to control mouldgerminations in bathroom may be drying up surface condensation. The supply and exhaust air ventilation systems are proposed because blowing air can dry the ceiling and wall surfaces in short duration. Time duration of drying up all surfaces in bath unit after taking a bath by this ventilation system was compared with that by traditional exhaust system in full scale tests. The experiments were conducted in semi thermo-hygrostat chamber. Temperature and relative humidity of supply air was varied according to typical outdoor conditions in the rainy season, summer or winter, Experimental results show the effectiveness of a supply and exhaust air ventilation system in any seasons and this proposed ventilation system is expected to be a practical method for mould contamination control in bathroom.

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This study, consisted of five experiments, was carried out to examine the effects of qualities of interior lighting, especially focused on color temperature of lighting sources, on human amenity (human comfort and pleasantness) by means of physiological measurements as well as psychological evaluations. In the first two experiments, color temperatures of 3000 K, 5000 K and 7500 K were evaluated by electroencephalogram (EEG) as a main measurement. EEG topography in the condition of 7500 K showed decrease in appearance rate of Fmθ and increase in averaged amplitude of β wave on minor hemisphere, which was observed in the room temperature of 25°C . In the second experiment, N 100 and P 300 of event-related potential were observed and combined effects of room temperature and color temperature were revealed. From these observations, it was suggested that higher color temperature tends to cause surplus intensions of cerebral cortex, therefore, which was considered to be unsuitable for amenity. Color temperatures of 3000 K and 7500 K combined with transient change in room temperature from 15°C to 35°C was employed in the third experiment. Changes in systolic blood pressure and thermal sensations among physiological and psychological measurements showed different fashion from the previous findings of studies on color temperature. Fluorescent lamp color condition of red, green and blue was examined in the fourth experiment. θwave band of EEG was increased in the blue condition and decreased in the red one, which seems to reflect some relaxation and intension in the respective color condition. Relationships between population density in a closed space and optimum illumination were investigated in the fifth experiment. It was suggested that required illumination should be enhanced with increasing in population density. Judging from other measurements, it is considered that further studies on optimum color temperature of lighting sources must be performed since it is postulated that effects of color temperature on these circumstances might be more important.

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The lighting in residential space in daytime should fundamentally depend on daylight. The satisfied state, however, cannot be composed with only daylight and comfortable luminous environment in residential space is kept with the help of supplementary artificial light, as the functions of rooms in houses are specialized recently and moreover various human activities are performed there. The goal of this research work is to get advanced knowledge about the real state of luminous environment in residential space daylight only or daylight supplemented by artificial light and to give appropriate instruction for not only lighting scheme of residential spaces but also integrated planning, design and construction of houses. Experimental surveys and measurements were planned for residential rooms from the view point of the dynamics of the daylight environment on changes of time, a day , seasons, a year, sky and weather conditions, effects of artificial light to daylight space, differences between Japanese style finishings and western ones, effects of “syoji” and curtains and so on. The measurements were made in rooms of newly built apartment houses and a displayed prefabrication model house in Fukuoka in January, April and May in 1993. Though the complete analysis of huge data gained by the measurement is not finished , many useful suggestions have been given by inspections of them from view points of various aspects of the luminous environment of residential areas, such as “dynamics of horizontal illuminance and space illuminance, that is, illumination vector, scaler illuminance and cylindrical illuminance and relation between them ” , “effects on the diurnal dynamics of the illuminances caused by vertical and horizontal positions in rooms ”, “diurnal dynamics of altitude and azimuth of illumination vector, that is, flow of light, and vector/scaler ratio, that is, evaluation of luminous environment according to modeling by Kid Cuttle et al”, “effects of reflectance of interior finishing”, “effects of sky and meteorological conditions”, “effects of artificial light on daylight in interiors” and so on. There still remain many problems to be inspected on this topics. More research works should be made with efforts of the authors.

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Recently, there is a sign that an insulated and air-tight house, which is popular in cold area, is also built in hot and humid area. But a percentage of water content in the house frame or the thermal insulating material increases after the rainy season, so there is probability that an internal dew condensation is induced in the wall in a cooling time during summer season and deteriorates the wall. A purpose of this study is that a guidance for a design of the wall constitution and a prevention method for the internal dew condensation are suggested about the insulated and air-tight house in hot and humid area. This paper clarifies the heat and mass transfer phenomenon in the wall by numerical calculations and some experiments, and investigates the optimal insulated wall constitution. The main results obtained are as follows. (1) The heat and mass transfer equation adopting water potential (thermodynamic quantity of state) is suggested, and the equation is examined for its validity by comparing calculated values with measured ones of the mass transfer experiment on the wall with glass wool. (2) By the outdoor exposure experiment on a test house, it becomes clear that the internal dew condensation occurs in the conventional wall-1, but it doesn't occur in the outside ventilated wall-2 with inner vapor proof layer which intercepts mass flux of transmission and in the outside ventilated wall-3 with inside cavity layer which exhausts moisture. (3) The temperature and humidity in the wall-2 and in the wall-3, which are used as exterior wall of the highly insulated and air-tight house (R-2000) that is located at Kiyama in Saga prefecture, are measured in a cooling time during summer season. By the measurement, it is confirmed that each value of the relative humidity near the hidden side of interior finish material is about 80% and is 67%--75% respectively, and internal dew condensation is not generated in both walls. (4) The results of the outdoor exposure experiment on the test house are reproduced by the experiment on test walls, in which the bilateral air temperature and humidity of them and the amounts of heating their surfaces are controlled, under conditions that the initial relative humidity in the wall is high (90%) and the wall surface is heated. (5) The region and azimuth orientation characteristics of moisture fluctuation in various walls are analyzed using the heat and mass transfer equation proposed by the authors. In the vertical east and west-facing wall-1, the internal dew condensation occurs in the four regions (Osaka, Fukuoka, Kagoshima, Naha) . The wall-3 has a property of preventing the internal dew condensation, and can keep the value of the relative humidity near the hidden side of interior finish material under 90% regardless of the wall orientation in Fukuoka.

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In the recent trend of reassessment of wooden buildings it has been increasingly desired to build shrines and temples with wood instead of rein forced concrete in steel. However, according to the current method in which the bearing walls are considered as the primary elements for horizontal resistance, there remains many problems to be solved if we try to apply the structural system of traditional wooden buildings to these buildings. in addition, the continuous absence of coordination between those who involved in actual construction like carpenters and those who involved in research of structure has left many problems to be solved. The seismic performance of traditional wooden buildings was surveyed quantitatively. A case study was made on the damage in Kamakura brought by 1923 Kanto Earthquake. First, records and literature about the soil of Kamakura were collected and the thick and soft alluvium layer, were found along the coast and in the inland area. At the same time a research on the damage of wooden buildings in the area was performed through records and literature. The result shows the high damage ratio among wooden buildings and a certain correlation between the damage and the location of the alluvium. Through a questionnaire survey sent to as shrines and temples in the area in addition to references to literature and supplementary hearings, the following conclusions as to what types of buildings were damage ; 1 ) as for types of buildings, the damage ratio of main halls at Buddhist temples was rather high, 2 ) as for roof materials, the heavier materials like thatched roof or tiled roof caused heavy damage, 3 ) as for periods when the building was constructed, not much difference was found, 4) the higher the wall ratio was, the smaller the damage was found, and 5 ) the thicker the alluvium was, the heavier the damage was brought as in the case of wooden houses. There was also found a certain correlation of the damage ratio between houses and shrines and temples. As a result of this survey, there are well organized data sheets of these buildings, which will make it possible for a further study on individual buildings. For the next stage of this study, a structural analysis of these buildings by methods of response analysis will be made.

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Until now, in most cases, a ceiling of an apartment building is formed with the method of sticking the decorative cloth directly onto the lower surface of the structural slab. There are not suspended ceilings in apartment buildings except for the traditional Japanese rooms and sanitary areas. Recently, with introducing more sophisticated ventilating and air conditioning system in apartment buildings, suspended ceilings appear more frequently . In addition to these phenomena, the tendency of increasing storey height and creating versatile living spaces becomes obvious. However, the construction method of ceilings with new functions in residential buildings are barely developed. The systemized construction methods for the ceiling of high functional performance, which incorporate equipment elements harmoniously, are urgently required. In this study, the demands that a construction method of suspended ceiling of a future apartment building must accommodate are collected and arranged. Through preliminary designing, fabricating and functionally checking ceilings, the characters that the ceiling construction methods should have are pursued. Examining functions that the future ceiling should have, in Chapter 2, new functions that should be incorporated into the ceilings are arranged and studies about the equipments being fabricated into the ceilings and dimensions of things to be stored are carried out. Examining patterns of substructures behind the surface of ceilings in Chapter 3, the feasibilities of various patterns of systematized ceilings' substructure are studied. Chapter 4 describes the experimental fabrication of ceiling construction. An experimental space of 8 tatami mats, which is flexible in both suspending heights and surface materials, is formed. The experimental construction methods are of 7 types. There are 3 types of lattice substructure, 1 Line type and 3 Ladder types. In Chapter 5, based on the analysis, the keypoints of the experiment are concluded. To use the space between structural slabs and ceilings for storage and other purposes, a square ceiling panel is not the only solution, but rectangular ceiling panels of 450×600 mm etc. are also useful, and the substructures of Line type and Ladder type are feasible as well.

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With growing demand for qualitative sufficiency of the residential environment, there has been various responses to the assessment of habitability concerning horizontal vibration. In our country, emphasis has centered mainly on perception through body sensation as an assessment method. However, in order to assess habitability in a wider scope, it is necessary to appraise the issue of tolerance limits based on the sense of inhabitants, including senses of discomfort and unease. This study will take up visual/auditory factors as peripheral factors which have influence upon horizontal vibration, and pay special attention to language as a natural expression of sense of horizontal vibration. In order to study sense of horizontal vibration in consideration of visual factors, experiments were planned in which changes would be made in the relative movements of a subject and an object. Then basic characteristics of the visual factors were reviewed in comparison with factors of body sensation as the main criteria of conventional assessment. The perception of vibration by factors of body sensation depends on acceleration. However, when a visual factor exists, the starting point for perceiving vibration will be greatly lowered because vibration can also be perceived visually. In other words, visual factors have great influence upon the perception of horizontal vibration, and it is difficult to keep the subject from perceiving horizontal vibration even when a visual factor exists. Therefore, it is necessary to make further assessment based on psychological reactions, including the intensity of the vibration as felt by the subject and the level of sense of discomfort. Within the range of vibration in which the level of acceleration is high and its stimulation to body sensation is great, the assessment is made primarily based on acceleration, which is a dominant and decisive factor in body sensation. Assessment should be made in consideration of displacement, which is dominant over visual factors within the range in which acceleration is low, in other words, the influence of visual factors is found to be great. Meanwhile for verbal expression, characteristics of words which describe the sense of horizontal vibration were clarified based on the results of experiments according to the semantic differential (SD) method, and their relationship with physical components of vibration was elucidated. Each word can be specially identified by the nature of its strength which is related to acceleration and works on the sense. Apart from this words can be classified by the difference in which they mean…words which indicate vibration, the stimulant, or those which express the conditions of human beings, the recipients. Such characteristics can be generally identified in past researches based on the SD method. We made it clear what concrete features these characteristics would show when horizontal vibration occurs and to what words they correspond.

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Throwing away construction waste from demolished buildings are supposed to cause rapid natural resource consumption by utilizing brand new resources instead of second hand ones. Furthermore the throwing away wastes promotes increasing volume of construction waste and load to the global environment. The research tries to have a grasp of obstructive factors to constrain reutilizing disassembled materials from demolished buildings through the field survey on demolishing site of detached houses. 6 demolished house buildings located in Tokyo were selected as the target of the field surveys. Four samples are demolished buildings and two samples are buildings reassembled in another site. Demolition procedures of all samples are presented as a chart. From the chart, elemental activities of demolishing are collected. Those elemental activities are categorized into several subgroup activities. Then term of total demolition work and required man power is compared among samples. The result presents the reassembled samples require more than 4 days and more 2 to 4 times man power than simple demolition. Disassembled materials are segregated into several sub groups in site, but this segregation is different among samples and seems to be not precise enough for promoting segregation In another word, timbers, steels, aluminum, plastics and all others are mixed together for disposal. Here possible reasons to affect on determine categorization of segregating are listed; demolishing method and procedure, building method, site space, contracting, market price and disposal fee of waste. The volume of disassembled materials is measured, and total volume of wooden waste is simulated. Here it is proved that reutilization is more effective than prolonging building life for constraining long-term integration of waste volume. Together with that energy consumption and CO2 emission by demolishing work is evaluated.

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