What are the factors that affect opinions of dwellers on management expenses? Using well-prepared questionnaires we tried to clarify any structural relation that might exist. Fifteen collective housings for family uses built and sold by non-government enterprises during the period of 1968 & 1980 were chosen as samplers. The questionnaires were sent to dwellers and after a certain period of time they were collected. In the questionnaire, a dweller was asked to give a) a description of his family and b) his opinion on housing. At the same time, caretakers and managers of management cooperatives were interviewed about a) forms of management and b) any management troubles. The survey was carried out from 1984 to 1985. Out of 3,154 dwellers whom the questionnaires were sent. 1,088 responded (40%). The results can be summarized as follows; 1) The most important reasons for choosing the present housing was the site, followed by the price, the plan and the management service. Those who rent tend to think much of the site while those who own think of the price. 2) The intention to stay in the present housing permanently is higher among those who have come to live in newly-built housings from the very beginning than those who have transferred. The owners show high percentage of this intention. The older the dwellers are, the higher the percentage becomes. Those satisfied with the present situation and those of small families also show high percentage. 3) The degree of satisfaction with the present housing is highest among owners followed by renters and dwellers of company-owned houses. These people have an intention to live permanently and take good care of their houses. The older the dwellers, the more the satisfaction. 4) The elder groups and families without children are highly motivated to take good care of their houses. Housewives who do not have jobs outside home think themselves that they keep their houses in good shape. 5) The management expenses are considered reasonable by owner groups. The longer their living in the present houses is, the higher this percentage of their intention to stay permanently rises. 6) The reserve funds for maintenance are considered reason-able by owners who dwell long and who are satisfied with the present housing. This type of expenses is considered as similar to the management expenses. 7) Whether dwellers feel that the management and maintenance expenses are costly or reasonable has not necessarily to do with the actual amount being collected at present.

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Taking the survey that conducted over a very wide area in Chientungnan Miao & Tung Autonomous Prefecture in '88 into account, in '90 we confined the subject of the survey into one village and had conducted intensive survey about the village of the Tung. (Because of the effect after military crackdown in Tien'anmen Square in '89, the survey and research program was postpond one whole year.) The surveyed area was Sudog stockaded village (with 35 houses, 44 families and 218 populations) that is located along the Duliujiang River as well as Judog which revealed us the most eye-opening facts at the second survey. For Sudog is in close vicinity to Xiajiang Town which is the center of Xiajiang District, Congjiang Country, its phase of Chinization is in some measure remarkable than that of the secluded villages such as Judong. However, Chinization is also the important key-word to understand the culture of the Tung. The survey team was divided into 2 architecture groups and an anthropology group. The minimum norma for the architecture groups was to measure the sizes of all the major houses in the village both on the plans and on the cross section, and for the anthropology group was to grasp the family organization, kinships and marital relations of all the families in the village. And in their sufficient time after the assigned tasks, other surveys such as hearings from the village carpenters: phonetical dictation of the names of the architectural materials ; hearings about the rite of passages, feasts, and taboos, and making sketch map investigations ; were conducted with the mutual cooperation of the groups. This paper sketches out the dwelling space of Sudong focused on the spatial structure that were especially regulated by the Long Mai (traditional geography) of the village and on the Chinization phases that appeared in the plans and structures of the houses.

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This study had three main themes as its purpose. The first was to clarify the actual situation of changes in central corridor style in farm houses for different regions and time periods. From among these changes in the central corridor style, regarding reception room structure, we showed the situation of the deep-rooted succession through to modern times of regional structures. The second was to make clear the main causes of central corridor formation and its historical meaning, and then consider the meaning of the succession of the regional reception room structure. The third was to find, based on the above analysis, a new style of formation process for residential development and to make a rule for the development of residential lifestyles and residential space. In order to clarify the above themes, we analyzed data collected from the blueprints of 9,605 residences registered with the local authorities in 21 towns in four regions (Yamagata, Fukui, Oita and Miyazaki), categorizing residences in terms of differences in reception room structure. Additionally, we targeted parallel structured residences concentratedly distributed in the village of Sakagari-kami in Gogase in a mountainous region of Miyazaki prefecture and conducted surveys on changes in residential blueprints and residential lifestyles, etc. The main points were as follows. (1) Changes in central corridor style developed suddenly in all four regions in the country in about 1965. Also, most regions had quite strong succession in regional residential style (reception rooms). (2) Central corridor style formation was the first stage in residential development, the substance having a rule of division between family lifestyle and special occasions. This is the basic logic behind the development from the one room residence to the present day central corridor style. (3) Isn't the succession of regional reception room structure a spatial phenomenon based on the logic behind a new house? In other words, in modern farming villages, while deeply involved in the logic of the modern family, also on a spiritual level the succession continues to live on in the continuous logic of the “family home” presupposing belief in ancestors and the central corridor style can be thought of as a spatial phenomenon stipulated by this.

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A desire to spend one's old days with children in the familiar environment where one had raised family is common to any part of the world. This study has investigated family relations and housing conditions of the elderly in Taiwan where Confucianism is still a strong traditional value. Specifically, we have selected four areas with different regional characters in mid-southern Taiwan: Lukang Chen as a historic urban community, Gukang Hsiang as a rural community, Yungkang Hsiang as a developing urban district and Meinung Chen as a Hakka community. In each area, we have conducted a questionnaire survey through a Senior Citizens' Club and visited a number of houses to observe how the elderly and their family are living there. Through the questionnaire survey, we have confirmed that the elderly in Taiwan are also aspiring to continue to live with their family members in their own houses and looking for receiving social supports mainly in health and economic matters. Physical conditions of houses and relations to care-providing family members are two major aspects of the case visits. In traditional Hoyuan houses, poor provisions of toilet and bathing facilities often located outdoors and physical barriers caused by traditional steep thresholds are among the major problems, while staircases are pointed out as a major barrier in modern style houses. In some Hoyuan houses, frequent transfers of living quarters of the elderly are observed, contrary to our prior expectation. Traditional ideal of multi-generational cohabitation in a Hoyuan compound is losing ground in a rapidly modernizing Taiwan, while a concept of 'Raise children to secure one's old days' is still a commonly held social norm. Patterns of dependence of the elderly are becoming manifold and abilities of the family members to support them are generally weakening. We conclude that even in Taiwan where Confucianism is a tradition, there is a social need to support families unable to provide sufficient care to the elderly among themselves. We should study further to design such a social system to complement traditional supporting functions of the family.

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In this study we looked at three men who were active from the end of the Edo era through the Meiji, Taisho and Showa periods. These figures, in the middle of a wave of westernization, were in the position of protecting the succession of Japanese traditional architecture. In the first section we take up Kaichiro Kashiwagi, a member of the hereditary family line of master carpenters of the shogunate, who after the Meiji Restoration became active in the sphere of art administration, and was partially responsible for the establishment of museums in Japan. He was also a craftsman who handled the building of many Japanese-style homes for people in political and financial circles, not by actually wielding planes and other tools himself, but by performing in a sense the role of architect from the standpoint of directing other workers. Also, he had a very discerning eye for items used in tea ceremonies and old art, and was a modern age master of the tea ceremony who collected and preserved such items. In this study we describe Kashiwagi's personal history, and also consider his role and qualifications as a craftsman. In the second section we look at Heishichi Imai, a master carpenter of the shogunate. Imai was an active figure primarily in the Kansai region who built the Imperial Palace in the Meiji era and also participated in the Japanese Construction Company, Ltd., the largest scale construction company in the Meiji period. He was recognized by Denzaburo Fujita, leader of the new Fujita zaibatsu (a family-owned group of companies) which was representative of the Kansai area. He was in charge of various works for the Fujita family, and in particular was the central figure involved in building the Fujita family estate in Amijima in Osaka. In this study we organize the blueprints and other materials that Imai left behind and from this retracted his past. As an example of one large house of the zaibatsu, we consider rough outlines of the Fujita family estate in Amijima, Osaka, which was destroyed by fire during wartime bombing. In the third section we take up Harumichi Kitao, a researcher, of Sukiya-style architecture who worked to enlighten others about the style. At the beginning of the Showa period, when there was increasing feeling of the need to think about Japanese style once again, Kitao surveyed many actual examples of Sukiya-style architecture, and arranged the surveys into a book. Here we portray Kitao's personal history, and through his book try to appraise historical research on Sukiya-style architecture.

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The aim of this study is to find out gathering formation and interaction in public spaces within houses, and also to reconsider of meaning of public spaces in a today's Japanese home. Basic data were collected from a plan which shows a scene of daily living situation (positions, postures and activities of family members or guests). Plans were drawn by students (subjects) themselves based on their own homes. Area, the number of room and equipment of Japanese house have raised the level quantitatively. But it must be recognized to improve the settings so as to afford diverse people's interactions. In other words, public places in a house haven't matured as a unit of living in a city. In this study we intended to clarify in these questions. 133 subjects drew plans (scale 1:100) of their houses and plans (scale 1:50) of five kinds of behavior settings. 665 sheets of behavior settings pattern were analyzed. The results of analysis are as follows. As for “postures of gathering”, formations in which sitting, seating and lying postures exist simultaneously were observed and the inevitable reasons for it were pointed out. As for “gathering formations and interactions”, issues of multi-focus setting and meaning of unified formations in which each participant is able to have loose interaction were clarified. As for “relation between size and shape of gathering”, two kinds of circles (diameter 1.5m and 3m) and different meaning of each circle were found. In the end, these results were compared with behavior settings of Chinese homes. And it was concluded that the difference itself has a cue to reconsideration of Japanese behavior settings in public spaces of a house which have apparent diversity but lack living norms.

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For this study we took the villages of the Tonami Plain as typical of Japan's “straggling villages,” analyzed them both separately and as a group, and attempted to make clear their spatial composition. There has been much prior historical and geographical research relating to the straggling villages of the Tonami Plain. However, most research explained that characteristic village form in terms of elements such as topography, weather and the feudal domain. In this study we planned to explain straggling villages not with that sort of cause and effect relationship, but rather as a system. Even within the villages of the Tonami Plain described as “straggling villages, ” there actually exist village forms which are different. Thus we divided the villages in the plain into the five categories of straggling villages with boundaries not clearly defined, straggling village with clearly defined boundaries, gathered villages, row shaped villages, and street villages. Then we looked at various areas of distribution and considered the corresponding location characteristics and development periods. Next, as typical examples of the straggling village with boundaries not clearly defined, straggling village with boundaries clearly defined, and row shaped village styles, we chose Tenshou, Kubo and Higashi-Kaihotsu respectively and analyzed their territorial configurations. As a result we then realized that Tenshou and Kubo, both straggling villages, exhibited completely different territorial configurations. Also, Higashi-Kaihotsu seemed to have a unique territorial configuration not found in straggling villages. This kind of difference can be considered to have arisen from the differences in the particulars of how the villages were formed. Taking the straggling village of Tenshou and the row shaped village of Higashi-Kaihotsu as the focus, we conducted an analysis of village spatial compositions. From this we cam e to understand that from the buildings and artificial ponds and trees within the premises to the composition of the premises, location of the premises, roads, watercourse networks, arable land, and the total makeup of the villages, different levels of composition elements were all strongly connected. In addition, for both villages the direction in which water flowed was a primary regulating factor relating to things from housing to the premises and village composition. Then, we compared the results of this analysis in terms of the readjustment of arable land, and indicated that past residential systems were greatly changed in appearance in terms of village space after the readjustment of arable land.

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The purpose of this study was to target a variety of villages in the Swiss Confederation in Central Europe with favorable locations and meeting cultural and climatic conditions, and clarify the “order of formation principle” and its “mechanism” for such villages. Last year, targeting the whole of the Swiss Confederation, we went through the steps of noting, comparing, classifying and theorizing the results of a field survey, and indicated the twelve classifications of favorable topographical conditions that we perceived, which led to the consideration of the characteristics of 1) yopographical divisions and agricultural land use, 2) climate and disasters, 3) religion and language, and 4) ecology of plants and scale of construction. This year we first reconsidered the classifications, revised them into ten categories, and took up each of the following typical examples for the detailed survey we conducted: 1) Hemberg, located on a mountain ridgetop in a hilly area, 2) Guarda, located on a mountainside incline, 3) Chamson, St. Pierre, located in the high points and low points of an alluvial fan, 4) Oberwald, Realp, located in the flatlands at the upstream end of a valley, 5) St. Ursanne, located at an intersection of streams and tributaries in a mountain valley, 6) Corippo. located from the mountainside to the ridgeshaped slope at the base of a mountain, 7) Benken, located at the base of mountain in a hilly region, 8) Avenches, located on a reasonably high hill in a flatland region, 9) Diessenhofen, located next to a large river (the Rhine), and 10) Murten, located on a lakeshore in a flatland region. In this detailed survey, in addition to the ground survey, we collected materials such as documents on land use planning and historical study data for Gemeinde, in the range and area of our target villages, and also conducted oral surveys with residents. By comparative analysis of the relationship between the various characteristics of typical examples and the structural demands of village space, we clarified the mechanism of order formation in the following way. 1) Order formation making the best possible use of subtle land shapes, 2) Order formation putting water systems into use, 3) Order formation corresponding to sunlight and climate. 4) Order formation to protest people from disasters, 5) Order formation in order for people to engage in their livelihoods, 6) Order formation based on religious explanations, 7) Order formation going along with the division of land. Based on the above results, we compared the indications with mechanisms of order formation in East Asia and studied the way areas should be settled, and the way residential environments should be.

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In recent years there has been increasing pressure to relax urban planning regulations. Land prices particularly in the Tokyo metropolitan area have increased dramatically, and as a result, particularly in connection with the ability to pay in detached-housing residential areas, in exclusive areas for type-1 residential use where regulations are strict there has been mounting pressure to relax them. If the regulations are simply relaxed in response to this pressure, not only the operation of space which was the original aim of standard prices would be obstructed, but it is also possible that the living environment which up to now was ensured would deteriorate. In this relation, focusing on suburban residential areas of large cities where restrictions on designated use zones, particularly for floor area ratios and building coverage ratios, have become relatively strict, and realizing the various demands that occur in this type of area, especially improvement in dwelling level and preservation of living environment, the aim of this research is to make a proposal from within our accumulation of documented studies on methods to lead future “transformations” in a desirable way. In the first section, this study conducts advanced research based on trends in research on suburban residential areas. In particular, the fact that until now where has been little research on the designated effects of use zones, and that therefore there has been almost no research done on the effects of regulation relaxation, indicates the importance of this study. In the second section, taking the trends surrounding type-1 exclusive district for residential use, we examine them by separating them into their organizational side and the side related to the macroeconomic situation concerning their designation. In addition, we make clear the notable case of regulation relaxation in this type of area in a suburban residential district in the Tokyo metropolitan area. The third and fourth sections are case studies done in the cities of Yokohama and Kawasaki respectively. Relaxation of floor area ratio regulations in the former and the both floor area ratio and building coverage ratio regulations in the latter was carried out, and we clarify positively what kind of results were achieved by the changes through a fact-finding survey and a questionnaire survey. Based on section one through four, the fifth section makes a concrete proposal for new ways for rezoning of use districts.

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The aim of the first and second years of this study was to examine ways for tenants to participate in condominium management. This year, the first part regulation of participation in management by tenants in rental apartment housing we made clear the allotment of management roles of tenants and owners of private rental apartments. In rental apartments the allotment of management roles between tenants and owners is decided by the nature of management works, the conditions of the building (number of units, quality of common facilities), the conditions for owners (place of residence of owners, scale of management, management policy), and conditions for residents (size and makeup of family, years of residency, condition of' being absent during the daytime, the situation regarding tenant organizations). In the second part we endeavored to understand the systems for tenant participation in management and the actual situation concerning such participation in management and the actual situation concerning such participation, and we made clear the forms of tenant participation in management and the origins of' the regulations. A variety of forms of tenant participation in management was seen, ranging from “tenant-positively-accepted” type which accepts the participation of tenants in all management works to the “tenant-not-accepted” type accepts absolutely no participation of tenants in the administration by management associations. The form varied for tenant regulation methods that were in the primary bylaws originally established by the developer, basic building outline (apartment type, location, developer), the situation regarding increases in rental units (rate of increase, reason for increase) and management type. In the third part we made clear the attitudes of the three groups (absentee owners, residential owners, and tenants) towards tenant participation in condominium management. As for the attitudes of these three groups, they seemed to share the common opinion that on the whole it was good for tenants to participate in management in some form, and particularly in areas where there was a strong connection to their everyday lives. Also, at present, the inclinations of the three groups vary depending on the form of tenant participation in management that the condominiums adopt, the character of absent owners (reason for leasing, etc.), and the character of the tenants (relationship with owner, size and makeup of family, length of residence, etc). From the above, we showed that tenant participation in condominium management has become possible in many forms depending upon the conditions of condominiums and the conditions that lead to that participate form.

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In the background of the fact that compensation for the removal of tenant in urban area has become frequent, we notice such issues as poor quality and insufficient supply in rental housing, surge in the standard of rent, areal customs and voluntary removal by tenants. The most frequent cause is rebuilding of rented houses, followed by the sale of rented houses, re-development, conversion into owner's own use, and so forth. Actually, the payment of compensation occurs in such cases as public works, and rebuilding of rented houses owned by public bodies or the Housing and Urban Development Corporation. However, in the cases of rented houses owned by private owners, there is no set standard. Considerable sums are involved from times to time, but in other cases, the matters are settled by paying only the cost of removal. The final decision of the amount of compensation is usually made either through the use of real estate appraisal or Government's standard for compensation. The decisions were made mostly by way of percentage basis, and the average was 25% of the base price (fair market value of the land and building). The Land-expropriation Law provides for compensation to be paid to the tenant. In the Urban Redevelopment Act, however, percentage of the tenants' right to rent plays an important role. We have collected 194 samples of compensations actually paid, and made a correlation analysis of the land price and monthly rent paid as compared with the amount of compensation paid per each square meter respectively. Then, we developed a model for the assumption of the money value of compensation per each square meter in which the type of the rental house, term of contract, floor number, time of removal, and unit price of land were used as items for explanation (dependent variables). The result showed that the price of land showed the heaviest weight. We also made an analytical study of the method to calculate the compensation ordered to terminate the rental agreement in the past judicial cases. Our finding was that where aging and decay of rental house was recognized, the court always supported the cause legitimate on the side of the land-lord. Also, where the building was considerably aged and decayed, the court decisions were inclined to cut down the amount of compensation. However, in case where the landlord requested his tenant to vacate the house for the purpose of demolishing in order to improve the use of his land, the court usually rejected the landlord's cause legitimate, and ordered him to pay a considerably high amount of compensation to his tenant.

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In recent years, Tokyo has a large number of temporary foreign visitors, called “New Comers”. One of the objectives of this study is, to realize how and where they live in Tokyo, and what relationships they keep with the local communities there. Another objective is to point out problems to be solved towards the improvement of their housing and living environment. In order to accomplish these objectives, we had formed two research teams, each consisting of: 1) Architects and planners 2) Sociologists One of the features of the study is that these teams work together towards the goal from the points of view of “space” and “people”. Architects and planners have, first of all, created maps showing special and temporal distributions of the registered aliens in Tokyo, with the basis of the statistical data from municipalities in the Tokyo district. Then they have started field surveys in Shinjuku and Toshima areas, which have especially high density of population of the “new” foreign residents, in order to look at the way they live in renting apartments, and to investigate the effect of their life on the living environment around themselves. On the other hand, sociologists have carried out questionnaire surveys in the above-mentioned areas, to make clear from where they had moved in, how they live, and what they feel about the life there. At the end of the first year of this project, the report describes the findings from the surveys in each one area of Shinjuku and Toshima. The study so far has been successful in quantitatively clarifying how “New Comers” grow in number, and how they move. We also have learned how the existence of “New Comers” change the living environment, and how they, as well as the Japanese residents, wish to lead a better life with neighbors in the community. We believe that this study will be fruitful for the better living of all of us who live in Tokyo. (Foreign Resident's Research Office)

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The purpose of this research is to comprehensively study the various legal problems relating to housing defects. The aim will be first to clarify the interpretive legal and legal policy problems connected to the problem of housing quality, and second, in connection with these problems, to clarify the various problems related to the housing distribution problems, mainly from comparative and interpretive legal viewpoints regarding residential financing. This study will first conduct a fact-finding survey of the quality and defects of residences and prepared land sites. From this the consumers' main areas of interest can be determined. From the survey the situation concerning damage and dissatisfaction related to citizens' housing defects will be known, and the legal problems can be extracted. In this connection we will investigate the legal problems associate with defects in residences and prepared land sites from interpretive legal, comparative legal and legal policy points of view, and discuss solutions in detail. Traditionally, legal measures are necessary for dealing with the special characteristics of real estate transactions, which are different from ordinary product transactions. Next, taking up the problems associated with defects in housing quality, measures to prevent disputes and legal problems related to defect guarantee liability, product liability quality appraisal, restriction on unfair advertising and competition, etc., are important. For this survey, the relationship between housing defects and products liability will be the focus. Second, we will investigate in detail the problems in cases where defective housing (including prepared land sites) is sold, particularly in cases of financed sales. Actually this problem has to do with housing loans, but with the sale of defective housing, the consequences of financing liability are important. The method used for this research will be the same as in the first part, namely to indicate the problem based on a fact-finding survey, and then to find solution from interpretive legal, comparative legal and legal policy points of view. In particular, regarding solutions to the problem, we have seen large growth in the legal sphere in the U.S., and while analyzing the many U.S. legal precedents, and taking into consideration the union of consumer trust and residential financing that is promoted by German legal precedent, it is hoped that this will help in the examination of our country's problems. After clarifying the above problems, we will analyze them, point out legal solutions to the problems, and make a proposal regarding the direction in which our country should move.

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This study is the result of two continuous years of research. This year, the second year, the research topics of the previous year were continued and expanded on and the research consisted of the following five topics. The first was to conduct a comparative investigation of the special characteristics of households in the Tokyo metropolitan area and the three cities of Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe. Mainly, using the results of the 1988 residential statistical survey, we made clear the situation regarding permanent and non-permanent residents, and did a comparison between two points in time, 1978 and 1988. The second was to investigate urban living in central areas from the point of view of residences raising children. In order to capture every detail of the possibilities and problems of urban living, we targeted households with children who felt that generally urban living was the most incongruous, and conducted a survey of the actual circumstances of the lifestyles and their residential consciousness. The third was to analyze the neighborhood relationships of central urban residents. We chose areas of central Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe where there are non-war-damaged houses, wood construction one-door houses and terraced houses, and where a relatively large number of long term residents remained who had a lot of communication over the years. We did a comparison between the three cities regarding neighbor-hood relationships: Also, in Kyoto we examined the neighbor-hood relationships between long time residents of wood construction houses and new residents of mid-to-high rise apartment blocks. The fourth dealt with urban living in central areas in terms of establishments relating to people's lifestyles. For the three cities we took six such establishments deeply connected to everyday life, and by looking at the victims of the location of each establishment and the changes involved, we studied the living environment in urban areas. The fifth was a comparative examination of urban residential policies carried out in the three cities in the Kansai region. In the various cities, policies have been adopted due to the change in lifestyles based on the awareness of assorted urban living problems, and today there is a new wave of local government residential policies being devised. Understanding the special characteristics of these, and indicating their problems, we stated the prospects for the future.

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In Japan, housing policy and research have not been given serious consideration by politicians, scholars, or the public. However, as the result of enormous housing problems, local governments and people concerned with housing are now paying increasing attention to housing policy. Part of this attention is focused on housing policies in foreign, especially Western countries. Japan's interest is, however, rather limited in that it is hoping to pick up instantly usable means and measures developed by those countries. In the United States the 1990s are sure to be a momentous time in the evolution of housing policy. The mobilizing power of this evolution is the enactment of the 1990 Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act. This landmark legislation represents a consensus that the federal government went too far during the Reagan years in housing and community development and a major redirection in federal policy to meet the basic needs of nation's housing problems. The policy making process and the contents of this law are highly informative for housing students. This study focuses on the comprehensive housing afford-ability strategy of the 1990 Act. The act requires each state and local government should provide a housing strategy plan to get federal housing funds. The preparation, implementation and revision of this housing strategy plan is one of the most significant activities that state and local governments have to engage. The purpose of this study is to present some ideas and lessons from this housing strategy that may be applicable to the Japanese housing situation. But more than that, the study is to present a broad perspective on policy research and development in the U.S., the kind of perspective that needs to be developed in Japan.

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According to Housing survey of Japan, 20% of Machiya, which have been traditional Japanese town housing and have contributed to making of townscapes, have decreased between 1983-1988 in Kyoto. Now, it is necessary to draw a perspective of concrete policy for the preservation and inheritance of Machiya and its townscapes. From this point of view, we tried to throw light on a way of succession of Machiya and its townscapes. In chapter I , 466 typical Machiya have been found as the result of following researches ; (1) To understand the distribution of low story buildings in central area of Kyoto by means of the maps (1:2500), aerial photographs, and statistical data (2) To classify Machiya and other building types by field survey (3) To understand the distribution typical Machiya by means of our original typology In chapter II, we tried to clarify what efforts were taken to succeed Machiya in spite of the extra economical pressure and how Machiya will be. Thus we sent questionnaires to those who are proud of Machiya and asked them what's required of Machiya succession, and it was found certain that they hope to succeed Machiya and to live there. Meanwhile we could understand that the bigger impact of disappearance of Machiya is coming in near future (probably within 10 years). In chapter III, we have developed the typology of the Machiya “KAIWAI” which is consisted of 10 buildings surrounding with Machiya, and have suggested three types of :oncrete policy corresponding to every typology.

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The housing problem centering on big cities became more acute in the late 1980s due to the rise of land values, etc. The objectives of the present study is to find out, as its basic theme, what housing policy should be taken to settle the problem, particularly paying attention to the housing policy of a local government to clarify its role and effects. This is because a local government is in a basic place of life of inhabitants and only a local government can develop a comprehensive policy which prevails over a simple public housing supply. For the present study spending 2 years, the objective in the first year is to grasp the housing problem of the whole Tokyo Major Metropolitan Area (M.M.A.), and clarify the practical and present status of the housing policy of local governments at Tokyo 23 wards. In the first half, change in the housing status as a back-ground of setting up the local government policy was investigated as to Tokyo M.M.A. and Greater Tokyo (Tokyo-to). The basic arguing points are identical to those already indicated by various reports in the past. That is, they will clarify the facts that the previous problems are still remaining as they are, that new problems are accumulated therein and that the postwar housing policy cannot be practical any more. Most of the study is to grasp the changes in the attitude for the housing policy of Tokyo 23 wards' governments. As various policies have been developed in each wards, we tried to arrange arguing points of them picked up as much as possible. Especially we tried to grasp them by 2 points, 1) what housing policy have been taken against the rise of land values, 2) how the local governments synthesize housing policy with other policies. In the former, house rent subsidy policy and affordable housing of private sector by public support are major themes. In the latter, establishment of the subjectivity of the local government mentioned in the Housing Act and its synthetization with the housing policy are major themes. From the aforementioned study, the following are mad e new subjects of the study; a. Logic of “Publicity” and effect of various housing policies' means. b. Practical status and its ideal stand of mutual relation in policy making at each administrative level. c. Concrete grasp and estimation of the policy effect of the urban, housing, building policy.

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The development of waterfront areas close to cities is progressing rapidly. It differs from the development of 20 years ago which was mainly in the industrial development, in that it is centered in the residential areas as offices and houses. With this background in mind, the scholars of environmental engineering, planning and designing studied cooperatively and defined what is thought to be the ideal development for the future waterfront housing. 1. Natural Environment of Waterfront Area In this study, we consulted a summary of research materials concerning the climate characteristics of the waterfront area: The research was mainly for the space distribution of the salt in the air specific to the waterfront area. Research was carried out on the results obtained using the gauze method of salt adhesion per month. Using the illumination tower of the container berth at Rokko Island in Kobe city, we made an analysis of the data collected over a 12 month period. The data showed the height distribution to 27m and the horizontal migration for approximately 10km from the beach to the summit of Rokko, and was related to climate conditions such as the direction and the velocity of the wind and the topographical conditions. 2. Waterfront Housing Plan The plan for waterfront housing was examined taking into account the issue of residential environment. A questionnaire determined estimates of (desired) residential environment, samples of which were collected and this information was combined with the American example of environmental preservation using the mitigation method. 3. Case Study of the Port Island A proposal WELS made for plans for the whole waterfront area at Kobe City. This was followed by a study on the environmental improvement of Kobe Port Island, a typical maritime city. Taking the residential environment issue into consideration, concrete suggestions for the development of waterfront housing at the container wharf, west coast of the Port Island, were given. Then, as a part of case studies, we have suggested a regional energy supply system utilizaing unused energy and an evaluation system on the landscape planning.

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The purpose of this “Comparative Study on Cooperation in Housing : Theory of Community Housing” is firstly to clarify the concept of Cooperation in Housing, and secondly to clarify the actual conditions and opportunities of the Cooperation by analyzing practical cases of Cooperation in Housing. The key-words are ‘Cooperation’ and ‘Housing’ in community-scale. First of all, on ‘Cooperation’, I compared each country's residential planning both historically and comparatively. I noticed under certain socio-historical conditions that residential formation made by the ‘Cooreration’ power, not by the ‘public’ or the ‘private’, appeared strong and that it compensates the ‘public’ and the ‘private’. Examples are the co-partnership housing in the poverty-stricken times and the co-op housing in the affluent times. I tried to grasp each country's residential planning as one of the pedigrees of the ‘cooperaion’ in community. On ‘Housing’, I depended on the theory of Tamer who studied the urban reality of the Third World. In theory it is believed that the more the dwellers positively take part in the process of residential planning, construction and management, the more satisfied and the happier the residents become. The cases I studied are the Brentham Garden Suburb in England and Draviel Garden Suburb in France both in the early 20th century. In the former case, I found new materials, and could analysis in detail. I found the cooperative efforts between the ‘dwellers’ who wanted better built environment, and the philanthropists. I also found cooperative efforts among the ‘dwellers’ themselves, and cooperation among the ones who made wealth. There was also tremendous self-help and so on. This is ‘mutual help, self-help, community based land management’. In the background of these efforts, there existed thought of ‘Prosperity Sharing’. The point is how they can share the wealth with those without, how they can fairly and equally share the wealth that has been achieved by the affluent. The question raised by two case studies for contemporary Japan is meaningful.

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The purpose of this report is to find and make a description of the social research of the Bureau of Social Welfare in Tokyo City Government, as a whole. The Bureau of Social Welfare in Tokyo City Government is established in 1919, to manage a policy and research on urban social problems. The Bureau’s researches are very important in the history of social research in modernizing Japan. In these surveys, many lower urban areas are explored from the point of housing problem, occupation, and poverty. On this Bureau's research action, only few bibliographies are edited, which made up from published documents collected in some libraries by chance. But many researches are not published as a final report. And the lists with only title and publication data are not enough to see the quality of investigation. We used some deferent resources in this philological study, that is the articles of every Annual Report (“Nen-po”) and Seasonal Report (“Ki-ho” and “Ji-ho”), and a research list edited by a researcher in the Bureau in 1938, 343 research works are find out in 1920-1938. We collected and edited the articles of each research works, and made an index.

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The purpose of our study is to analyze from historical and morphological viewpoint Oceanian house and housing which have developed rapidly since the late eighteenth century. As is well-known, Oceanian houses created truly unique development in response to Oceanian climate, huge land and new life style, while they were strongly influenced by various architectural styles which were popular in England or U.S.A.. In Japan, however, we do not have any serious research on Oceanian house yet. Our study is carried out based on a field survey and material collection in Australia. We executed a field investigation during a month in the autumn of 1990, visiting most parts of Australian historic cities and districts. The number of houses we surveyed and recorded by photograph amounts to approximately four hundreds and the number of books we collected one hundred, pamphlets three hundreds. After we have made studies on this research subject from various viewpoints, this synopsis treats historical and morphological analysis of Australian houses built between the late eighteenth century and the late nineteenth century. Though previous studies on Australian houses pointed out English and American influence on them, they do not treat morphological aspects of houses in deep level. In other words, questions how European architectural styles have been transplanted to Australia and how they have been transformed there have not been discussed deeply yet. Our study, recognizing insufficiency of previous research, attempts to make clear formal, morphological, and stylistic characteristics of Australian houses through concrete an d detailed analysis of Australian important architects and domestic works.

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The term ‘Qilou’ is the Chinese name for a particular building type which can be found throughout South China, Taiwan and the general south east Asian region. Qilou usually take the form of a series of shops set at ground level with an arcade alongside. On the streetside of the arcade, columns are constructed at intervals of 3 or 4 meters. Above the shops is mostly residential accommodation which look into the continuous open space of the arcade below. The arcade can be considered as an ‘in-between’ space, fronted on one side, by the private houses and on the other, totally public side by the street with vehicular traffic etc. This semi-public urban space serves a number of purposes; to control the climatic conditions of the region, with its strong summer sun combined with continuous rainy squalls and at the same time to create a place where people can partake in various outdoor activities such as shopping or chatting with friends and neighbors. Over the years which we have been involved with our field works on Chinese dwellings, we recognized the positive qualities of the Qilous, with their all encompassing atmosphere of rows of shops and houses on a street and the accompanying life around them. This attracted our interest and we began to research them in more detail. The main purposes of our research were; firstly to understand the arrangement of day to day activities and lifestyles around the Qilou spaces from an urban viewpoint and secondly to find out the distribution and route of propagation of Qilou-style constructions and their differing appearances throughout the region. We made surveys, and collected data and materials in various cities in Fujian, Guangdong province, in Lin Shui Jie, Zhejiang, Anhui province and in various cities in Taiwan where Qilous are also found. The types we found in cities in south China were mainly Qilous with western-style facades and there were few that conveyed the old style. However, in Lin Shui Jie, we did find ones with traditional elevations and atmosphere. In Taiwan, the Qilou style houses were called Heng Zai Jiao. In contrast to the Qilous on the Chinese mainland which have the tendency to have been rapidly built in special cities, we found that in Taiwan they had been individually built throughout the island and some research had already been made by others. For the second part of our research, we concluded that the Qilou had spread along the trade routes of the overseas Chinese merchants. They had originated in Singapore, then through south east Asia to cities in south China and eventually to Taiwan. (refer to theses of Huang). However, we have to wait until future research is carried out before we can under-stand if traditional Chinese dwellings influenced their eventual forms. What we can conclude though, is that one of the construction styles does relate to major historical social-economic movements and as a result they are the reflections of the overlap between the east and the west. If one considers the area and depth of the subject, we felt the research undertaken so far has just touched the starting point.

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One large (room-size) chamber, and four box chambers were prepared to investigate the effect of the surface air velocity on Surface Emission Rate (SER) of perceived air pollutants. Four different levels of surface air velocities were assigned to the four box chambers, four different building materials such as rubber, chipboard, carpet, and straw-mat were tested in the large chamber and the box chambers. SER of each material was calculated from the mean perceived air quality in decipol voted by a trained panel. It was found that the greater the ratio of air change rate to loading factor, the smaller the SER of perceived air pollutants and that the higher the surface air velocity, the greater the mass transfer coefficient and the greater the ;SER of perceived air pollutants. In order to study the adaptation of the subjects who occupy a space polluted by building materials, the changes in sensory ratings for odor intensity, and irritation against eye, nose, and throat, were investigated. Then high correlations were appeared among odor intensity, acceptability, and nose irritation. It took more time to reach the steady-state level of the sensory ratings to rubber-mat than that to tobacco smoke or bioeffluents. It could be inferred from these experiments that the pollutants from rubber-mat must be comprised of a high fraction of irritants and odorants to allow less adaptation than tobacco smoke or bioeffluents.

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Recently, Amenity is important aspect in the urban space design because many people hope high level life. In evaluating urban sound environment, sound level cannot alone be a scale of psychological estimation. For example, a necessary sound to one person might be a noise to the other person. In this paper, we researched existing state of sound with attention to difference of sound source, quality of information and environment. First of all, we performed interview to 288 persons in Tokyo as survey for urban sound environment. The interview items are sounds heard in a day, beautiful sounds, sounds listened positively, sounds heard at home and working place, affectionate sounds and typical sounds in each season. This examination continued for a year. The results suggest that sounds made by human living is important. Next, we researched announcement and departure signal at three railway stations in Tokyo. And we considered the acoustic characteristics. Even taking sound level, there is a difference by business operating forms and by public addressing equipments. It is suggested that auditory signals must be investigated ergonomically and psychologically. We also studied on construction of time sequence, distribution of sound signals and relation between each sound and its consciousness. We systematized auditory signals by using the knowledge of psychology, cognitive science and ergonomics.

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In order to find out efficient local ventilation method for airtight houses, experimental study was conducted using commercially available gas range and compensating hood. At the first stage of study, airflow and temperature profiles of thermal plume over the range were measured without operating range hood. From the thermal plume experiments, it was found that the velocity and temperature profiles become almost similar irrespective of heat input, and the entrainment velocity of thermal plume is small and less than 10 cm/s. Then, air inlet was installed at different flow directions to estimate diffusion effect of fresh air supplied close to the range. The results suggested that fresh air supplied downward from hood level can significantly diffuse thermal plume, fresh air tends to reduce exhaust flow capture ratio and upward flow from range level exerts relatively small influence to the thermal plume. At the main part of the study, capture efficiency of the compensating range hood was measured at different supply and exhaust air volume. The results are summarized as follows. I) capture ratio of the compensating hood depends on the supply flow rate ratio, and is nearly constant if supply flow rate ratio does not exceed certain maximum value. 2) short cut ratio of the fresh air depends small on the supply flow rate ratio and decreases for larger supply flow rate. 3) exhaust flow volume of tempered air can be significantly reduced if supply and exhaust air flow rates are optimally balanced.

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One aim of this study is to develop a computerized method for estimating life time of buildings with statistical data. And the other is to make a field research on life time of Japanese houses applying this method. The essence of the life time estimation method is, as we mentioned in the former abstract of this research, just like making human life time tables, but the calculation process is an application of a method called “cumulative hazard method”, which is developed in the reliability theories. We have developed computer programs for estimating the parameters of the distribution functions applied to the observed remaining rate of a cohort of houses or buildings. This program uses least square method on the remaining rate, and is able to choose the most suitable distribution function to the observed data among the normal distribution, the logarithmic normal distribution and the Weibull's distribution. The field research was carried out as sending out questionnaires to the fixed property tax divisions of 48 major cities in Japan. Then we collected the numbers of remaining units and the demolished ones at the year of 1987, grouped by the newly built year. These figures are based on the ledgers of the fixed properties. Selected structural types of the houses are wooden frame or panel, steel frame and reinforced concrete. And the residential types are divided into the detached and the multiple, so we had the data of six house types. And the steel structure office buildings and the reinforced concrete office buildings were also selected additionally as comparing objects to the houses. Defining the life time of a cohort as the time when the half of it will be demolished, we estimated that a cohort of. the wooden detached houses has about 40 year life time, the reinforced concrete about 44 year life time and the steel frame about 34 year life time. As for the multiple dwelling houses, a cohort of the wooden structure has about 33 year life time, the reinforced concrete about 53 year life time and the steel frame about 32 year life time. A cohort of the reinforced concrete office was estimated to have about 33 year life time and the steel frame office buildings about 29 year life time. From these figures, it can be said that Japanese houses and office buildings have similar life times to each other, though that of the office buildings is rather short.

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Ten kinds of model apparatus, each of which had a different function of testing push-pull strength and turning force, were set up in our laboratory to study correlations between the muscular strength and the operating method and/or the operating height. Peculiarities existing between the aged and the younger generation as well as characteristics common to them were clarified. We decided various kinds of the apparatus used for this experiment from the viewpoints of choosing varieties of apparatus requiring different kinds of handling and of observing the adaptability of the elderly to the changes in the functional design of the apparatus. As a result, we selected a total of 10 kinds of the model apparatus consisting of the apparatus having the functional design for pushing and/or pulling purposes and the apparatus having the functional design for turning or rotating operation. We made these tests on 12 elderly women aged from 68 to 78 and 11 young women aged from 19 to 23. The summary of the results of the experiment is as follows: In the experiment of comparing the extent of easiness in handling the model apparatus, the elderly group showed a tendency that this extent is narrower than that for the young group. The maximum muscle strength used by the young group showed a tendency that it was generally stronger than that used by the elderly group. As regards the ratios of the muscle strength used for handling the apparatus with an ordinary force required in daily life to the maximum muscle strength, there was a much more kinds of apparatus for which the elderly group showed a higher ratio respectively than the group of young women did. There were found differences in the appropriate height of the apparatus for handling, depending on the kinds of the apparatus. The appropriate height of various kinds of apparatus excluding the apparatus that needs the operation of pushing the handles of vertical types was located in a position lower than the height of the olecranon. Particularly, in the case of the apparatus that needs turning or rotating operation, the appropriate height was determined at about the center between the height of the olecranon and the height of the trochanter. There was a difference in the maximum muscle strength used by both groups because of the difference in the height of the apparatus for operation. Both groups showed a tendency that their maximum muscle strength was strongest in operation of the optimum height of the apparatus. It was determined that there are corresponding relations between the appropriate height for handling the apparatus, the height of the apparatus which is difficult for handling toward upper and lower directions, and the size of the body of people .

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The two-year research project is aimed at making a comparative study of the processes of technological change in the house building industries in Japan and the U.K.. The study is set in the broader context of descriptions of the construction industry structures, taking into account the changes in the structure and transition in technology experienced by the two countries up to present time. The accomplishment in the first year of the study is composed mainly of the assessment of the possibility of comparison between statistical data of the two countries. Statistics related to housing production were extracted and comparison between its contents was strictly carried out. The range and the nature of statistical materials were almost the same in both countries although in many cases differences in definitions and classifications found in the contents were noted. This can be attributed not only to cultural differences but also to nonidentical systems and policies characteristic to each country. Within the extent required .by the objective, necessary changes in the treatment of data are to be effected. And notwithstanding the broad nature of the sources, the mere fact that the organization of the data was achieved is already considered an accomplishment in itself. Comprehensive coding including common statistical data frames was formulated fot the collection of materials, allowing an equal opportunity for both sides to avail of the already organized data and materials whenever desired. Based upon the preliminary study of the statistical systems, describing the two countries' construction industry structures and housebuilding sectors was attempted. Lack of appropriate set of data, particularly in Japan, depicting industrial activities of construction firms suggests that case studies focused on some leading firms may be required to fully compare the structures and strategies. The same difficulty in detecting private firms' activities causes a problem in differentiating housebuilding sub-sectors. Regarding this however, by contrasting the seemingly different ideas of sectoral divisions, i.e. Japan's carpenter/builders, general contractors and a new sector in between building timber frame houses, (S+)RC flats and non-residential buildings, and industrialized houses respectively, and U.K.'s repair and maintenance and new building, a good basis of comparison may be established. Speculative housebuilding, a notion specific in the U.K., may most effectively be compared by using the delineation between the use (owned, rental, for s ale) and the structural types classified in the Japanese statistics of newly built houses.

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