This paper described the applied limitation of this spatial filtering method(SFM) for measuring the particle velocity which was affected by the conditions for the criterion of particle packing particle concentration. As the typical approach on the image processing of the image data SFM was used for estimating of the particle velocity in a circulating fluidized bed. SFM was introduced as the optical velocimetry for one of untouched measurement tools. For the sampling of image pictures, it was taken by the high speed video camera(1000/500fps) for a simple cold model of CFB. As the results, the clear and local particle velocity distributions for the various superficial gas velocity (ranging from 2.7m/s to 3.7m/s) and the various circulating particle flow rate (ranging from 2.9 kg/m² to 13.0kg/m² ) were obtained.

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In the case of collecting the granular particles out of the bottom of water, it is very difficult to collect them only by the suction force. In the previous papers, it had been clarified that the particles are collected more effectively and smoothly by mounting the injection port at the collecting mouth. In order to improve performance of unit, especially for the particles of which contacting force are very strong, the double injection nozzle is newly proposed and tested. The experiments were carried out and the fluidized region of particles bed was visualized. As a result, the concentration of collected particles by using the double injection nozzle is improved comparing with the single injection nozzle.

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A new method of an automatic image analysis of two-phase flow is presented. The image processing methodology is based upon image processing of high speed motion pictures obtained from the flow field in the region of underdeveloped subcooled flow boiling for a variety of experimental conditions. In the report, the image processing method which based on the detaching and tracing of edges of bubbles and their background is presented. The production of background, set up of image coordinates, image adjustment and bubble extraction were carried out in this approach.

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The scattering mist single plate spin cleaning process used in the manufacture of semi-conductors and liquid crystal displays, causes a rebound into the substrate during the spin cleaning process, resulting in re-pollution. It is therefore extremely important for scattering mist control to improve cleaning performance in the development of the single plate spin cleaner. The behaviour from substrate to scattering mist during the spin process is made visible with the laser light sheet method. This simplifies investigations into the form of the device and cleaning process conditions. The scattering mist within the spin cup for all cleaning processing conditions is visible with the use of a compact Laser particles visualization system. By comparing the visible pixels and the particles adhering to substrate surfaces, the authors examined the visibility technology application in the development of a single plate spin cleaner.

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In this paper, a new algorithm of particle identification based on Delaunay tessellation is proposed. Delaunay tessellation is a method which connects every scattered nodes to form triangles in either two-dimensional or three-dimensional space. Such a triangulation provides an essential step for spatial analysis of scattered data. Delaunay tessellation can be applied in PIV which deals with the particles in image. A new cross-correlation method for particle identification has been devised and tested by numerical simulation. Good result can be obtained.

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In the binary image cross-correlation method for PIV, the translation of fluid motion is only used. When an equation connecting flow field with the parameters (time step, size of identification domain, size of particle) for the method is not satisfied, velocity distribution can not be calculated. Hence, it is necessary to develop some new methods including the actual fluid motions (rotation, shearing, expansion and compression). This study proposes a new method using velocity gradient tensor as an extension for the previous method. Furthermore, the applicability of this method is examined for a cascade flow.

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CFD and field measurement have been used widely to understand flow field. Although CFD can estimate full view of flow field easily, it contains inevitably numerical errors. Meanwhile, field measurement usually requires much labor and contains experimental errors, too. PIV can measure flow velocities at many points simultaneously, but it is still difficult to measure whole points for a large field.
In this work, we propose a new technique to understand the whole flow field by combining PIV and CFD. In this technique, velocities at data absence points are calculated by CFD using locally obtained PIV data as a boundary condtion. And the PIV data are corrected simultaneously to reduce measurement errors using CFD results and fundamental equations of fluid dynamics. To examine this technique we performed some simulations using artificial data. And the two-dimensional flow in the staggered screens was retrieved using our combined technique. The results agreed well with visualized flow patterns. It can be possible to reproduce whole flow field adequately by using our new technique. But it is still necessary to examine the perfomance of our method in full detail.

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In order to enforce the particle tracing capability, an idea of temporal continuity of motion is integrated into the BIC method. By assuming that particle floating in fluid will not change suddenly its motions within a short time, measured velocity vectors in two successive instances are connected and examined their validity. The new method is applied to sequential pictures of a visualized flow, and result are found to be quite satisfactory. By integrating the idea into the BIC analysis, measured particle trajectories become more reliable without losing its efficient analysis.

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In an image processing velocimetry, the velocities at several points can be measured without contacting a flow, simultaneously.The physical quantities in a flow field as vorticity, stream function and pressure distribution have been obtained from the corresponding distribution of velocity.
The final object of our study is to obtain the pressure distribution of a flow field using an experimental data of pressure besides the data of image processing velocimetry.
As a preliminary step, a lid driven cavity flow is examined two-dimensionally using PIV in this paper.We applied SOLA method to the obtained velocity distributions so as to satisfactory the continuity of flow.The physical quantities based on the obtaind results are discussed in this paper.

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This particle image velocimetry has been studied to find velocity vectors of illuminated particle motion by combinations for identifying particles between two sequential digital flow images. The authors propose the method of applying genetic algorithm to the particle image velocimetry. It is enable us to get the plural of velocity vector at the same time. This paper explains the application of this method to 3-dimensional particle image velocimetry. This method is based on a space correspondence for calculating 3-dimensional particle positions and a time correspondence for calculating the particle velocity vectors. In addition, this paper ijntroduces the results of a numerical simulation using flow model around a prism.

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In this paper, we describe the measurement accuracy of numerical method detecting the depth of small tracer particles distributed in 3-D space. The detection method is based on the numerical reconstruction of in-line hologram patterns observed with a single CCD camera. In the computation of light intensity distribution, the numerical integration is performed for the domain up to the second dark fringe in order that the measurement accuracy is not affected by the depth of tracer particle. An averaging technique is employed for the radial light intensity profile to suppress the influence on the measurement accuracy of the difference between the origin of cylindrical coordinates in the numerical integration and the center of observed axisymmetric fringes. Performance test results show that the error of detected depth is not dependent on the difference between the origin of the coordinates and the center of the frinapes if the difference is less than 0.07(mm).

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New PTV measurement using a Fourier-Transform phase correlation method is attempted on the experimental flows showing a 2-D circular cylinder wake. To make a good use of the qualities of this phase correlation method, the image templates for pattern matching are not described by the original particle dots, but by single polygons connecting all the particles in each template, followed by 2-D normal FFT and phase-component inverse FFT processes. The results obtained are not so revo-lutionary when compared to ordinary direct correlation methods, but there exists apparent improvement in the rotating flow regions.

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There is the use of PTV or PIV to make measurement velocity of fluid by flow phenomena. The binary of PTV plays an important role in measurement of velocity. Conventional binary methods are P-ti le, Otsu, and Mod method. Their methods can not be binary at high particle density in local area. We do not get to correct result using Dynamic Thresholding method at high particle density in local area. We suggest that Dynamic Thresholding method by Hamming distance uses for shape recognition.

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In the first report, a new method of image measurement for flow field has been proposed, using not only constraint of the image but also governing equation of fluid flow.
In this paper, the technique of EP(Evolutionary Programming) for the solution of the problem is described. In order to simulate real flow measurement, the image data with noise is analyzed in the numerical calculation.The result shows the effectiveness of the present method.

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It is essentail for a Particle Tracking Velocimetry that particle information such as particle location, diamiter, brightness, etc. is measured accurately. The proposed Particle Mask Method(PMM) is a high accurate particle image extraction methods. A Multi-Time-Level Particle Mask Method, which is one of the PMM, is presented.

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In identification of two gray-level patterns, methods of accumulated absolute differences is able to analyze faster than using correlation coefficients. The proposed method is developed combining the successive abandonment algorithm, which is one of the former methods, and a new calculation technique of simultaneous multiple pixel processing. By introducing a F-test technique of the statistics, the algorithm can efficiently reject less similar pictures in many candidate pictures at the very early stage of the calculation.
As a measurement example, a wake of a cylinder, which is visualized by densely distributed particulate tracer, is analyzed and 900 displacement vectors are obtained within 8 seconds using a personal computer system.

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In this report, the velocity vector field around the rotating straight grinding wheel were visualized by a smoke-wire method and an image analysis such as a gradient method developed by Miike et al. Consequently, we found that the each method for visualization were avilable to estimate the velocity vectors quantitatively. We also found that the air flow behavior around rotating straight grinding wheel was suggested complicated flow pattern such as the suction and injection which were caused by the internal flow of the porous body. The effect of thermal convection on the heat transfer should be considered in the calculation of heat balance in grinding.

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Visualization of the high flow velocity using the high speed video system or the AOM are usually carried out . But these systems are not so good as the normal CCDcamera and the strobe in respect to sensitivity, resolving power and brightness.
In this study, a system was developed to visualize the high flow velocity, which consists of the strobe with delay control and the normal CCDcamera . And the method of particle tracking was constructed to compare the arrangement of particle of two images . This method was combined with the fluorescence particle, that was tried measuring of two phase flow of air and liquid.

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A physical meaning of dye streak pattern in near wall turbulence is investigated by using of flow visualization technique DPTV (Dye streak pattern Particle Tracking Velocimetry). The structures of low speed streaks and transverse vortices in the near-wall region depend on 2D high shear region which consists of du/dy and dv/dx. Dye streak patterns in the longitudinal cross-section correspond with the high shear region. These high shear regions intersect at about right angles each other in the near wall turbulence.

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In the previous paper, the visualization study about the fluid in the model room of the furnace was carried out. In the present paper, the numerical simulation for the thermal distribution and the flow pattern of fluid in the room has been conducted by the FEM method in order to investigate the behavior of fluid by natural convection process. It has been observed that the scale of circulation of heated fluid is increased and the location of circulation of that moves upwards with the elapsed time.

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The flow field of a, supersonic flow chemical oxygen-iodine laser is simulated solving three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations, and the dependence of the mixing/reacting zone structure and the resulting gain region on the effective velocity ratio of I₂ jet to the primary flow is studied. The I₂/He ratio and plenum pressure of the secondary flow are varied in order that the amount of iodine injected into the primary flow is kept constant in each effective velocity ratio. The present results demonstrate that a pair of contrarotating vortices generated behind the I₂ jet greatly enhances the mixing and the sumultaneous chemical reaction of I₂ and O₂(¹Δ). It is shown that the optimum condition for the secondary I₂ jet momentum exists. The I₂ jet which causes the high gain penetrates into the primary flow moderately deeply and does not collide with the counter one.

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To investigate the transonic flow in a duct with a cavity, the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) method is developed. This diagnostic system is based on the argon laser with seeded iodine as fluorescence material, and is applied to the rectangular duct with a cavity. The distributions of temperature and its fluctuation in the cavity are obtained, and the three-dimensional structure of the flow field is clarified.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the relation between the discharge energy and the luminance strength at ignition plugs. The discharge phenomena were taken using CCD camera and recorded on video tape. The image data obtained here were analyzed through the image processing, which was able to extract the luminance strength information, so called RGB-value. The discharge energy increased linearly with the pressure in combustion chamber. It was found that an increase in the discharge energy induces the higher luminance of B-value. In other words, the color of spark at the higher pressure in combustion chamber becomes paler with an increase in the discharge energy.

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When sonic air jet from a nozzle over water surface is exhausted toward perpendicular direction, water is sucked toward the jet and atomized. In the present study this flow state was visualized by a high-speed video camera. As the results it was clarified that sucked water flow is classified into four states depending on the distance between the nozzle exit and water surface and exhaust pressure. Also, exhaust pressure by which successive water suction is attained becomes smaller with smaller distance. Furthermore, the lower limit of exhaust pressure by which water is sucked exists for each distance.

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The structure of large-scale secondary flow in a turbulent meandering channel at a low Reynolds number is investigated using LDV measurements and flow visualization techniques. Coherent structure formed in a turbulent meandering channel flow incline to the secondary flow direction which depends on the distribution of transverse component of mean velocity. Large-scale shear layer consisted of three regions characterized by property of different shear in transverse cross section of a turbulent meandering channel flow was formed by the inclination of the coherent motion. The shear structure plays an important role to generate large-scale secondary flow in a turbulent meandering channel, which is quite different from the case of a straight channel flow.

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Autorotating flight motion for a rectangular plate, a barrel shaped plate and a wooden pestle shaped plate, with aspect ratio of 3, were tested in a still air. Next, flow pattern around each autorotating plate was visualized by means of smoke-wire technique at the plate mean chord Reynolds number of 1.5×104 in a low-speed windtunnel. In order to discuss their autorotating mechanism, pressure distribution on each plate was measured. Growth of leading edge vortex at high attach angle of the plate was noticed, and the relation between the vortex behaviour and the autorotating flight motion are also discussed.

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Possibility of an application of Yamana method that measure section lift coefficients from visualized streamlines to small wind tunnel is examined numerically. Inviscid streamlines are calculated by a panel method for various measuring sections and lift coefficients are obtained using them. Influences of initial streamline height and distance of control points are shown. The results show selection of a proper streamline and distance of control points enables it.

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The velocity field of a flow through small orifices for distilled water and surfactant solution is measured with a laser doppler velocimeter and examined by a visualization method, and the following points are carified, (1) For distilled water the nondimensionalized center line velocity increase with increase of Reynolds number in the inlet flow and it is almost constant in the outlet flow.(2) But for surfactant solution it decrease with increase of Reynolds number in the inlet flow.(3) The distilled water has higher velocities than the surfactant solution in the outlet flow.

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The turbulence reduction by the polymer-solution at free surface is experimentally investigated The water or polymer-solution jet flew horizontally from the circular nozzle which was set beneath the free surface. The interaction between the jet and the free surface caused the small waves on the free surface. The movement of the surface was measured by the water level meter. The characteristics of the free surface with and without polymer-solution were evaluated using the measured data and visualized images. The free surface with polymersolution was more stable than that of pure water. The jet and free surface were visualized by the laser light sheet. The shear reduction by the polymer-solution were found to play the important role on the free surface turbulence.

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Two types of optical measurement techniques to visualize the stress field in two dimensional polymer flow are discussed. The first is the holographic interference method. It can visualize isochromatic pattern for polymer fluid in two dimensional flow. The second technique is the polarimetry method with two dimensional image analysis. Both techniques are able to apply for the stress field with very weak retardation.

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Experimental study is conducted on a squeezing flow of the aqueous solution of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) chosen as a lyotropic liquid crystalline polymer. The squeezing flow is started after stopping a pre-shear radial flow spreading between two parallel circular plates from a central hole. Flow patterns are visualized with crossed polarizers under. various combinations of the pre-shear flow, a pause time taken between these two flows and squeezing velocity. Forces transmitted through the liquid film are simultaneously measured, and the followings are obtained. Even if the squeezing motion is the same, the pre-shear deformation and the pause time give great influence on the flow patterns of the 50% HPC solution. The responses in the force generated in the squeezing flow are correlated with the flow patterns observed.

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The diaphragm wall is a rectangular reinforced wall for preventing landslide and water leak by enclosing the underground. In order to analyze the flow offresh concrete placing in diaphragm wall, a new technique was discussed in this paper. In this study, a model cocnrete was developed and used to simulate actual fresh concrete placing in diaphragm wall. Then, visualization technique enabled the rising velosity of the surface of the model concrete within diaphragm wall to be determined. The model concrete was made of water added to super absobent polymer and viscosity agent, where there was no aggregate mixed. The yield value and the plastic viscosity of the model cocnrete were varied to study effects of these characteristics on its rising velosity. The consistency of the model concrete was adjusted with the additive amount of the polymer and the viscosity agent.
As a result of this study, it was found that the rising velosity of the surface of the model concrete placing in diaphragm wall was influenced more considerably by the plastic viscosity than the yield value.

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An evaporation process of micro droplets behind a shock wave has been investigated by using light scattering and light extinction method. A specific spatial filtering method was adopted in the experiment. Photographs of flow field was obtained in two dimensional image with the filtering method. Obtained data were processed by a computer. The variation of droplet radius and the number density were estimated from these data. Experimental results were compared with the one dimensional numerical analysis. Experimental results show a good agreement with computational one.

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Numerical results of the flowfield with shock/vortex interaction are presented. A shock wave is exhausted from an open end of a shock tube, followed by vortex rings. The shock wave is reflected from a plane wall which is placed perpendicularly to the axis of the shock propagation at a certain distance from the open end of the shock tube. The vortex ring interacts. with the reflected shock wave and then it approaches the wall. According to the numerical results, when the vortex ring comes close to the wall, a wall vortex is induced and a new shocklet is generated between the vortex core and the newly induced wall vortex. It has been clarified that the mechanism of this shocklet is the same as that in a supersonic nozzle.

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In this report, it was described that the experimental results on the noise characteristics and discrete sound generation in a supersonic jet issuing from a nozzle with a divergent exit. The shock waves were visualized by Schlieren method or a high-speed video camera included its system, and the motion of the over compression regions were studied by the digital image processing. It was clarified that the behavior of over compression regions were periodical, and these periods related to the cause of frequency distribution noise.

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The free piston shock tunnel (FPST) has been intensively used for simulation of the atomospheric re-entry of space vehicles and also for the development of scram jet engines. However, the characteristics of FPST is basically determined by the piston motion in its compression tube. Hence, in order to analyze it, various techniques have been proposed experimentally and analytically for its optimization. In its optimization, it is always a technical problem to measure piston speed along its compression tube continuously, particularly and with higher-resolution. In this study, firstly, piston speed inside a 50mm dia. and 2m long compression tube was measured continuously and accurately by using a piston motion velocity interferometer (PMVI), which was developed particularly to measure a piston speed inside a compression tube. The results of its performance are described.

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The time and spatial temperature variations and smoke flow behaviors were simultaneously measured by using an infrared radiometer and a video camera in order to obtain the information about heat transfer characteristics downstream of vortex generator. The vortex generator, a thin rectangular plate, was set in the bottom of the two dimensional duct with 20 degrees inclined oncoming flow. It was found that the vortices were periodically generated downstream from the vortex generator and the temperature field well corresponds to the location of the vortices. Moreover this method will be useful for understanding the heat transport phenomenon.

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The time and spatial temperature profiles on the impingement jets were measured by using an infrared radiometer with a two-dimensional array of Indium-Antimony (In Sb) sensors. The infrared images or heat transfer characteristics of circular, elliptic and elliptic dual jets impinging on the surface of target plate were experimentally studied for various separations between the nozzle exit and the target plate. The phenomena of axes switching, which is caused by the differences in the self-induced velocity in the non-circular vortices, was observed further downstream compared with that of a single impingement jet.

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Flow and temperature fields of forced convective heat transfer over a roughened surface (pin-fin array) heated from below were visualized by using thermo-sensitive liquid crystal. Three different pin pitches in flow direction were examined. In the case of the smallest pitch, the fluid .was stagnant between pins, while in the largest one, the fluid was highly disturbed between pins. The results indicate that the heat transfer between pins was greatly affected by pin pitches.

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Flow across a finned tube heat exchanger, which is installed at an angle to air stream in the flow passage of the air-conditioning equipment, is investigated. Velocity measurements and flow visualizations are performed in both the inlet and exit chamber of the heat exchanger. The flow characteristics in the equipment are in general agreement with results of flow visualization tests conducted on a separate test section made of Plexiglas. Furthermore, numerical calculation results on the flow by the finite volume method agree well with flow visualization results. Analytical and experimental attempts help us to understand effects of the flow incidence angle and Reynolds number on the performance of the heat exchanger.

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The X-shaped intersecting flow is shown in staggered banks of tubes. The staggered arrangement is more effective from the heat transfer and fluid control standpoint. Experiments using a particle tracing method are performed to visualize the flow in the staggered banks. of tubes. In order to determine the flow mechanism, velocities and pressures in tube banks are also measured using a two-dimensional laser Doppler velocimetry and a piezometer, respectively. It is disclosed that the flow characteristics depend on the aspect ratio and the diagonal distance in tube banks. The characteristics of hydraulic resistance in tube banks are also clarified.

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It was reported in earlier papers by the present authors that longitudinal vortices shed periodically from two cylinders in a cruciform arrangement with a gap s between them, placed in otherwise uniform flow. The longitudinal vortices can cause a strong vibration of the upstream cylinder. When the gap-to-diameter ratio s/d≤0.25, trailing vortices are shed periodically, and when 0.25≤s/d≤0.5, necklace vortices are shed periodically.
In this work, the structure and the shedding process of the two types of the longitudinal vortices were investigated through flow visualization in a water tunnel. The vortex shedding frequency fv was obtained by a hot-film anemometer. Results concerning St-Re (St :Strouhal number, Re :Reynolds number) relationship for the longitudinal vortices obtained by the water tunnel measurements were found to correlate well with those by wind tunnel measurements.

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Takamitsu Ohshima, AlchI Institute of Technology, 1247, Yagusa-cho, Toyota-shi
The purpose of this paper is to describe a mathematical model of the unsteady wake induced by a columnar body advancing, with uniform velocity in a still fluid. On the assumption a perfect fluid and two-dimensional flow, this model is presented using the linear-apporoximation model of the unsteady wake, as an object of application of tability theorem to the field of flow. We present several numerical simulation of characteristics terms of the field in the symmetrical vortex street model.

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Flow near and around a Darrieus wind turbine operating at low tip-speed ratios is studied by flow visualization with dye injection technique and also by measuring the velocity field with a particle imaging and conditional sampling technique. The instantaneous flow patterns observed in the visualization pictures are well reproduced in the measured velocity distributions, vorticity con-tours and maps of velocity magnitude. It is found that two pairs of mashroom-type vortices are shed from the blade during a rotation of the rotor, which is due to the dynamic stall phenomena. These stall vortices are produced by the flow separation over the suction side of the blade and the formation of roll-up vortices from the pressure side.

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A numerical study is performed on unsteady natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow in a vertical cavity under microgravity. Consideration is given to the influence of Rayleigh number (Ra) on the thermal and velocity fields in a square cell with two opposing vertical side walls held at constant but different temperature with the remaining horizontal walls insulated. The governing boundary-layer equations are discretized by means of a finite-difference technique and numerically solved. It is disclosed from the study that: in free fall, the fluid temperature gradient is substantially decreased near the hot and cold vertical walls, (ii) but as time progresses, the dominant heat transfer mechanism switches from convection into conduction. A similar trend is seen at different Rayleigh numbers.

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In this paper, the numerical analysis of the flow with heat transfer in two-dimensional pipe attached fins was studied. The analysis was carried out for the several of combination models in the length and the number of fin over a wide range of Reynolds number. The k-ε turbulence model was chosen to calculate the velocity and temperature. The results obtained were as follows; the temperature differences between the inlet and outlet decreased and presented distinction each other with increasing Reynolds number, the pressure drag coefficient was constant approximately in each pipe, and temperature difference and pressure drag coefficients were especially influenced by long fin.

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Effects of varying the spacing on the flow characteristics of air stream between the corrugated plates are studied experimentally.. Such plates are widely used in heat exchangers to improve heat transfer performance. Experiments are performed for air flow through the space between a pair of the walls, whose surfaces are formed in rows of triangular waves . It is demonstrated that the pressure drop coefficient first increases with varying the interwall spacing, reaches its maximum value and then decreases. The value of the spacing producing the maximum pressure drop depends upon the angle of the triangle. The pressure drop given above is compared with the results of -velocity distributions by hot wire anemometer and visualized flow characteristics.

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The basic structure of steady baroclinic waves observed in a differentially-heated rotating-fluid annulus is well known to be composed of high- and low-pressure vortices, upper (eastward) and lower (westward) jet-streams meandering through the vortices, and boundary layers. In order to find the structure of the vortices, we have conducted a series of experiments on a rotating-fluid annulus by injecting a few drops of red ink (and/or uranine solution) into a vortex or a jet and observing the results in the co-rotating reference frame of the wave which drifted eastward (counter-clockwise) relative to the rotating annulus. The observed 3-D ink patterns appearing in the fluid revealed the inner region of the vortices. Their structures are composed of a core and a transition zone (separatrix layer). The core is a rather well isolated region around the axis of a vortex and is split into separate upper and lower layers. The transition zone is a thin layer next to the core and the fluid. is frequently transported to and from its outside, but rarely to the core. Then a weak downwelling caused by the Ekman pumping was observed in the upper layer of the core in the high-pressure vortex and similarly a weak upwelling in the lower layer of the core in the low-pressure vortex. In addition, the present experiments were found to yield some results which are similar to those determined in the numerical simulations of Sugata and Yoden (1994) which followed the Lagrangian motion of a fluid particle in the annulus.

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Three sets of the intensified image sensors are combined together with a cubic three-way beam-split prism and three optical filter holders to set up a utility high-speed video/ultra-high-speed multi-framing camera. The camera can capture fast-moving images in the following conditions: (1)4, 500-pps continuous color imaging with R, G and B filters and perfect synchronization of three imagers for a full frame of 256x256x3 pixels, and faster color imaging up to 40, 500 pps for reduced resolution of 64x64x3 pixels, (2)Three times faster continuous monochrome imaging without filters and delayed synchronization, i.e., 13, 500-pps for a full frame(256x256), and up to 121, 500-pps for a reduced frame(64x64), and, (3)Ultra-fast three-frame capturing at a rate of 1/10, 000, 000 second by delayed gating of the image intensifiers.

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