This paper focuses on robotic surgery, an extension of surgeons’ “hand” technique that has made rapid progressin recent decades, and discusses its current status and future developments.The term “surgical robot” is generally associated with da Vinci, which performs endoscopic surgery remotely,but it is a type of surgical assist robot that operates according to the surgeon’s instructions. Based on their functions and roles, surgical robot technologies can be divided into three main categories: “image/information-guidedrobots”, “leader-follower robots” and “assist/support robots”. This paper describes the roles and operating principles of each of these categories and introduces some representative commercialized robots. The relationship toadvances in AI and the degree of autonomy of robots will also be discussed, as well as challenges to their implementation in society.

The advent of surgical robotics has enabled more delicate and precise surgical operations with less invasivenessthan conventional surgical methods, taking advantage of the features of surgical robots. Robot-assisted surgerystarted mainly in urology, and its indications have spread to many departments that treat cancer. In Japan, majorabdominal Surgical procedures in the field of urology can include robot-assisted surgery. This article reviews thecurrent status and future prospects of radical total prostatectomy, partial nephrectomy, radical cystectomy, andSacrocolpopexy is a major robot-assisted surgery in urology

Flow cytometry analysis is a very important tool in the medical sciences, including in immunology, hematology, and clinical diagnostics. The basic mechanism of flow cytometry is to analyze the information contained inindividual cells by shining light on fluorescent dye-labeled cells and measuring the scattered light and fluorescence. In this article, we introduce the basic principles of flow cytometry experimental techniques and outline thedevelopmental flow of lasers, optical detectors, and fluorescent dyes, which have particularly contributed to multicolor (high-parameter) flow cytometry. Furthermore, as a practical section, we will describe in detail the examplesof our experiments in the field of cancer immunotherapy that take advantage of high-parameter flow cytometry,along with some points to keep in mind. Finally, the next generation of flow cytometry technology will be introduced: the spectral cell analyzer, which enables the use of many fluorescent dyes, and ghost cytometry, which is atechnology that utilizes artificial intelligence.