In the conventional two-dimensional culture method, cells are grown on a flat surface of a culture dish or container. It has been pointed out that the properties of these cells are different from those of living organisms. Various three-dimensional culture methods have been developed to solve the problems. In three-dimensional culture, various scaffolds for three-dimensional surfaces or gels that contain extracellular matrix molecules are used to allow cells to grow three-dimensionally. When multiple types of cells are cultured together in the three-dimensional environment, cell–cell interactions and cell functions in intravital environments can be reproduced. Cell clusters called spheroids, which can be produced by keeping cells from adhering to the bottom of the container, and organoids, which function like organs composed of multiple cell types, are also part of the three-dimensional culture method. These are used in the fields of cancer research, drug screening, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering and are also expected to be very important in reproducing various phenomena that take place between cells in vivo. Furthermore, three-dimensional cultured skin using human cells and three-dimensional cultured cartilage for autografts have been commercialized as alternative methods for animal experiments and are already being used clinically as well as in the research field.

 Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory pancreas disease that occurs mainly in middle-aged adults and is relatively rare in children. Acute pancreatitis in childhood is often caused by anatomic abnormalities such as bile duct dilatation due to abnormal confluence of the pancreatic and bile ducts and drug-induced, infectious, traumatic, or systemic diseases. In this study, we present the case of an 11-year-old girl who was diagnosed with idiopathic acute pancreatitis, which resolved with conservative treatment.

 Acute pancreatitis, with its diverse clinical presentations, demands a careful and thorough approach. From mild cases to severe instances with persistent organ failure and severe infections, appropriate management is paramount. Healthcare providers are responsible for selecting the most suitable treatment for the severity of the illness.

Sacral chordoma is a low-grade malignancy, but its outcomes are poor due to recurrence, metastases and complications, making long-term survival rare. A man in his forties with intermittent low back pain for 2 years developed urinary retention. Digital rectal examination revealed a large mass in the anterior sacrum. The chordoma was diagnosed via biopsy. Surgery was performed via a combined anterior–posterior approach, preserving the S1 nerve roots and resecting the tumor with the rectum. Pathological findings revealed a chordoma with a few necrotic areas. Pulmonary metastasis developed without recurrence 18 years later, necessitating partial resection performed thoracoscopically. Low-grade histology identical to that of the primary tumor was confirmed. Radiotherapy was recommended, but the patient declined and was instead followed up. Five years after pulmonary metastasis was detected, the patient presented to our hospital with swelling and pain in the left chest wall. Tumor transplantation from a thoracoscopic biopsy site was suspected, and palliative radiotherapy consisting of 50 Gray/20 fractions was administered. The patient died 13 years after irradiation and 36 years after primary surgery, i.e., he lived a normal lifespan. To achieve long-term survival in patients with sacral chordoma by reducing recurrence and complications, we reviewed the literature on resection methods, improved resection margins, and nerve preservation.