Although research on resilience has been attracting the attention of researchers as an important concept to support the psychological wellbeing of sick children, studies on resilience of children with allergies is still inadequate in Japan. This study identifies future research agenda for the field. First, we reviewed research on resilience and provided its definitions and history. Then, we summarized the development of resilience in Japan and found that there are very few empirical studies on factors influencing resilience in the nursing field. The study contends that research on determinants of resilience among children with allergies is needed and suggests that the resilience-related model applied to normal junior high school students can equally be applied to adolescents with allergies. However, the causal relationship among variables of the resilience-related model has not been determined. This study proposes that the resilience-related model for children with allergies should be generalized through a longitudinal research.

This study aimed to examine the Third Person Effect (TPE) on the influence of Internet use, including comparison to the influence of television (TV) viewing. A web survey was conducted among individuals ranging in age from their late teens to their sixties. The questionnaire included estimates about the extent to which the use of both media influenced the participants themselves, or junior high school and elementary school students with regard to various viewpoints. Factor analysis of media influence separated the effects into four factors. Participants estimated that Internet use was more influential for junior high school students than for themselves (Third Person Perception, TPP), and the TPP of the influence of Internet use was stronger than for that of TV viewing in three out of four influence factors. However, TPP was not involved in positive attitudes to regulate the contents of Internet and TV. These results suggest that TPP of Internet use certainly existed; however, how TPP is associated with regulation and censorship toward Internet requires further examination.

The purpose of this study was to show the cognitive structure that influences problem solving for difficult mathematical tasks for university students. Before and after reading an explanation about psychostatistics, we asked for answers to questions about psychostatistics and we then analyzed the responses. The results showed that although the learning task was reading an explanation, fragmented knowledge was activated and linked to each other. Furthermore, cognitive structures that affect task resolution include logical relationships and single knowledge, and both influence the accuracy of problem solving, but logical relationships have a particularly large effect.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of skills used in shallow relationships on behavioral activation. University students (n = 466) completed self-report measures including Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale, Skills Used in Shallow Relationships Scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and Social Anxiety Scale. Structural equation modeling indicated that 'pleasure feigning skill' can decrease depression and social anxiety through activation. Moreover, it was shown that 'conflict avoidance skill' can decrease depression and social anxiety through activation and avoidance. Conversely, it was shown that 'superficial agreement skill' can increase depression and social anxiety through activation. These results suggest that 'pleasure feigning skill' and 'conflict avoidance skill' promote the activation of goal-directed activities. Results are discussed in terms of the potential of skills used in shallow relationships to contribute to behavioral activation, along with issues for future research.

This study examined the relationship between judgements of suicide by laypersons in suspicious death investigations, and the presence or absence of a suicide note and deceased's information that did not support suicide. We asked university students to judge the possibility of suicide in a fictitious investigation of suspicious death; 72 subjects received a case with "a suicide note" and deceased's information, 71 subjects received a case with "a suicide note" and without deceased's information, 71 subjects received a case with "no suicide note" and deceased's information, and 72 subjects received a case with "no suicide note" and without deceased's information. Analysis of variance results showed that subjects who received a case with "a suicide note" judged the possibility of suicide as slightly higher than subjects receiving cases without "a suicide note". Subjects who received the deceased's information judged the possibility of suicide as slightly higher than subjects without it.

Although the original Athletic Hardiness Scale (AHS) has been used to measure hardiness among university athletes in Japan, some psychometric problems have been identified with this scale. Thus, the purpose of this study was to revise the AHS for Japanese university athletes and to examine differences in hardiness according to gender and competitive role. The participants were 511 Japanese university athletes (305 men; 206 women; mean age 19.9 years, SD = 1.21). The measures consisted of socio-demographic questions, the revised AHS questionnaire for Japanese university athletes (RAHS), and the Self-rating Depression Scale. An exploratory factor analysis of the RAHS revealed a 12-item, three-factor model. We labeled the factors as "commitment," "challenge," and "control." Cronbach's α coefficients ranged from.75 to.84. A confirmatory factor analysis indicated acceptable structural validity of the RAHS. Men reported higher hardiness scores than women, and a negative correlation between hardiness and depressive symptoms was confirmed. The RAHS showed satisfactory reliability and validity, and it may be useful for understanding hardiness among university athletes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sense of coherence (SOC) and identity. Subjects were 256 university students (171 male, 82 female, 3 unreported). A t-test revealed the high SOC group to have higher current commitment and aspiration for future commitment than the low SOC group, while multiple regression analysis found that only meaningfulness influenced current commitment and aspiration for future commitment in both the high and low SOC groups. Further, high SOC subjects fell mainly into the 'identity achievement-diffusion-moratorium intermediate' and 'foreclosure' statuses, while low SOC group subjects fell primarily into the 'identity diffusion' status. These results suggest that SOC is involved in identity formation.

To identify challenges of a cancer family care learning program for general ward nurses developed in our previous study, we used and evaluated it on a trial basis. We conducted a questionnaire survey using the Scale for the Care of Cancer Patients' Families in General Wards before and after the learning program, involving 80 nurses working on 3 wards of a cooperating hospital. The numbers of respondents in the pre- and post-learning surveys were 43 (response rate: 53.8%) and 30 (37.5%), respectively. Analysis of responses for each factor revealed a tendency to self-evaluate family care more positively after learning. This tendency was marked for {considering patient privacy in multi-bed rooms} (p=0.004) and {accurately recognizing cancer-related changes in family members' roles} (p=0.018), as scores were significantly higher after learning in both cases. As challenges of the learning program, the results indicate the necessity of connecting learning contents and practice, developing effective learning strategies, selecting appropriate nurses for a training session as part of the learning program, and reviewing methods to share learning through training.

We examined the effects of mother's negative and positive emotions related to parenting on occurrence frequency of their child-rearing behaviors among 114 mothers of infants. From the results of this study, it was revealed that mothers' feeling of burden on children's manners and behaviors decreases their satisfaction and enjoyment of childcare, their responsive childcare behaviors and increases their controlled childcare behaviors. Limitation of the present study and direction for future research were discussed.