This study was designed to identify factors influencing parental attitudes towards children. An online survey was conducted with 1359 Japanese parents with elementary school children. We inquired about the psychological attributes of their child by using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), as well as object relations, the type of sports, the child's sports skill level, the team's sports level, and the child's sports skill level in the team, among others. The results indicat ed that parents' controlling parenting style increased and acceptance and child-centeredness were decreasing when children's problems increased. In the object relations of the parent factors, both parents' excessive need for identification and egoistic man ipulation increased control and inconsistency, and superficiality in interpersonal relations decreased acceptance. The relationship between children's difficulties and parents' interpersonal relationships in the field of children's sports was more complica ted in the case of high team level and in mothers. It is suggested that parents, coaches, and teammate's parents should be proactively informed that they should communicate with children according to their difficulties.

Group-norm succession motivation refers to motivations for passing down group norms to the younger generation. Cur-rent study aimed at revealing effects of legacy belief, bond with younger generations, and consideration of future con-sequences on group-norm succession orientation. A total of 351 adults responded an online questionnaire. Results of multiple regression analysis showed that combination of high legacy belief and strong connection with younger generation would be critical in developing group-norm succession orientation. However, an effect of bond with younger generation on exercising power for decision making disappeared when legacy belief was low and consideration of future consequences was high.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in worldwide psychological, social, and economic upheavals. The pandemic has forced undergraduates to take online classes at home, which might erode their mental health. However, only a few longitudinal studies have examined the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on undergraduates. This study investigated the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on undergraduates' mental health and identified the determinants of their mental health. We surveyed 125 female undergraduates at two time points; during the second state of emergency (T1) and the fourth semi-emergency coronavirus measures (T2) in the Hyogo prefecture of Japan. The online surveys assessed depressive symptoms, self-control, rumination, resilience, and fear of COVID-19. Results indicated that students experienced significant increases in depressive symptoms from T1 to T2. Moderation analyses revealed that negative introspection predicted increases in mental health problems from T1 to T2, whereas emotional regulation and self-control protected against mental health decline. This study provides longitudinal evidence of undergraduates' mental health decline during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study investigated the relationship between singing ability and spatial ability in preschoolers between the ages of 4 and 6 years old. The purpose was to examine cognitive ability associated with singing ability, in considering how to support singing in the field of early childhood education. We measured verbal ability and age as a control variable. Singing ability was measured using the "AIRS Test Battery of Singing Skills (ATBSS) for Children-Revised" (Ogura & Adachi, 2018). Spatial ability and verbal ability were measured using the WPPSI-III Block Design and Vocabulary. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that preschoolers with higher spatial ability had higher singing ability. No association between singing ability against verbal ability and age was identified. We concluded that the relationship of spatial and singing abilities was confirmed because both abilities were associated with perception and motor integration. Future intervention studies should be conducted in early childhood education settings.

This study examined parental recognition biases of children's faces. In Experiment 1, twenty-three undergraduate and graduate students and thirty-five of their parents participated. With a set of seven of their children's images: one original face, three kinds of attractively manipulated faces, and three kinds of unattractively manipulated faces, parents were asked to select the original face from the images. In Experiment 2, twenty-one individuals of the same generation as the parents in Experiment 1 participated. They performed face recognition tests for celebrities with no relationship to them, using the same procedure as in Experiment 1. Results showed that parents selected as original more attractively manipulated images of their daughter (Experiment 1), but participants did not show such biased recognition for celebrities (Experiment 2). These results were discussed in terms of the positive biases and distortions in face recognition.

This study examined the effect of teacher's need-supporting and need-thwarting behaviors on basic psychological needs satisfaction in elementary school children (grades 3 through 6, n＝348). Path analysis revealed that relationship support was positively associated with three basic psychological needs, while competence support was positively associated with relationship needs. Subsequently, competence support showed a positive association with autonomy and competence needs, while competence-thwarting behavior showed a negative association with relationship needs. Autonomy-supportive and autonomy-thwarting behaviors also showed positive associations with relationship needs. These results suggest that behaviors that satisfy elementary school children's basic psychological needs may differ depending on the situation.

This study examined the psychological structure of "the image of Kendo" among Kendo club students. This study included 418 students (282 male, 136 female) from seven universities in the Kanto region. This study was conducted using the 72-item Image of Kendo Scale. The factor analysis extracted five factors in this study. The participants identified the image of Kendo with the concepts of "Significance", "Negative", "Reality", "Ideal", "Discomfort".