It is thought that experiencing breast cancer not only makes one aware of death at the patient but also after treatment due to anxiety about recurrence. An awareness of death may make it difficult to balance of time perspective. In addition, in previous studies examining these associations, the age of onset of breast cancer have not been sufficiently considered. In this study, we attempted to broadly understand the psychological adjustment process after experiencing breast cancer by categorizing the balance of time perspective by age group and comparing the results with those of the same age group who had not experienced breast cancer. The results showed that those who had experienced breast cancer were more imbalanced in their time perspective than those who had not experienced breast cancer and lost their perspective on the future. In addition, various time perspective balances were observed. These results suggest that the balance of time perspective changes after having experienced breast cancer due to loss future time perspective, and that they try to adjust psychologically.

The purpose of this study was to develop a Parenting Skills Questionnaire for parents of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (PSQ-A), and to examine its reliability and validity. 116 mothers of junior high and high school students with autism spectrum disorder completed questionnaire. A factor analysis revealed that PSQ-A had a 2-factor structure; "children's behavior promotion skills" and "response skills". PSQ-A had a sufficiently degree of internal consistency. Additionally, validity of PSQ-A was confirmed to some extents. Scores of "children's behavior promotion skills" and "response skills" were correlated positively with total and subscale scores of positive parenting behaviors on Positive and Negative Parenting Scale (PNPS). However total and subscale scores of negative parenting behaviors on PNPS were negatively correlated only with scores of "response skills". The applicability of PSQ-A for parents of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder, limitations of this study, and directions of future research were discussed.

The purpose of this study was to identify the motivations, outcome expectations, and factors that influenced the enrollment of private engineering students and prospective students in a master's degree program for the purpose of advanced technical training. We surveyed 71 students and asked them to answer some open-ended questions. In addition, the co-occurrence of each answer was identified. As a result, most of them wanted to enter a master's program for study activity and to enhance their future careers. It was also found that senior students and their parents were related to their decision to enter into the master's program. The results of a co-occurrence network analysis showed a strong co-occurrence relationship between study activity, future careers, and seniors, which suggested that the seniors served as a model for their enrollment into the master's program. Additionally, a moderate co-occurrence of parents with future careers, this suggested that parents who had expectations of the master's program encouraged their children to enroll in it.

The objective of this study was to develop a Self-Regulation for Healthy Eating Scale, and examined its reliability and validity. Data from 413 university students were analyzed. Self-regulation for healthy eating, self-regulation for healthy lifestyle, self-control in daily life and perceived stress were measured.

Two factors "regulation of overeating" and "regulation of skipping meal and unbalanced diet" were extracted using the exploratory factor analysis. Self-regulated eating was more positively correlated with self-regulation for healthy lifestyle than self-control in daily life. Regulation of overeating was negatively correlated with perceived stress. These findings demonstrate the scale's adequate reliability and validity.

The study was to survey that social support was correlated with the frequency of contact through means of communication and isolation during the infectious phase of COVID-19. Subjects (n=102) were college students. As a result, the frequency of contact through some means of communication were correlated with a social support from close friends, acquaintance, teachers and family. Additionally, social support from close friends and teachers was correlated isolation. In conclusion, it was proposed that university should give college students opportunity to continue good relationship. There was an important unanswered research question. What is the mechanism for increasing social support?