The purpose of the study was to examine the influence of the anger rumination trait on anger and perception of others' intent changes, as well as the relationship among the anger rumination trait, anger, perception of others' intent, and motivation for retaliation. Participants were 175 undergraduate students. The results indicated that an anger rumination trait interfered with the mitigation of anger and perception of others' intent, and others' intent partially mediated the effect of anger rumination on anger after a week. Furthermore, it was shown that anger rumination motivated retaliation. This suggests that anger rumination influences not only the mitigation of anger but also the perception of others' intent and motivation for retaliation.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to implement a program to enhance the emotional intelligence (EI) of ward nurses under the Medical Treatment and Supervision Act and to clarify its effectiveness. Method: A total of three 90-minute sessions were conducted once every 4 weeks on a total of 30 nurses from five hospitals working on wards under the Medical Treatment and Supervision Act. Measurements were conducted using the Japanese Wong & Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (J-WLEIS) before the implementation and after all the sessions. Results: The mean values in J-WLEIS indicated an increase in the total score and in subscales. A significant difference was noted in the subscales except for "self-emotions appraisal. " Conclusion: Although there are challenges regarding improving "self-emotion assessment," it became clear that this program effectively improved the EI of ward nurses under the Medical Treatment and Supervision Act.

This study investigated the effects of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic on depression in Japanese undergraduates' and identified the determinants of depression. A longitudinal survey was conducted among Japanese university students (N＝129). They completed self-report questionnaires assessing depression, learning time, and lifestyles. Structural equation modeling indicated that learning burden, insufficient sleep and long study time predicted depression. It is concluded that setting optimal online study time is critical for reducing and preventing undergraduates' depression. Therefore, it is suggested that undergraduates develop an appropriate timetable to facilitate effective study and adapt to the new learning environment.

This study investigated athletes' perceptions of trust and dependence on their coaches. The results of the survey showed that the state of trust was characterized as "being able to accept the opinions of the coach honestly," and the state of dependence as "relying excessively on the coach." Furthermore, it revealed a relationship between trust and dependence on the coach. The results suggest that excessive trust in the coach may lead to dependence.

"Sports" in English includes competition and fun. It is recognized as different from "physical activities" and "exercise," which refers to the body' s physical movement. "Sports" in Japanese, on the other hand, is often used as synonymous to exercise. This study examined how Japanese laypeople perceive the meaning of "sports" and "exercise." Half of the study participants considered sports and exercise as synonymous. Regarding competition and purpose, participants considered exercise for health and sports for fun. Interestingly, those who regarded sports as different from exercise had negative perceptions of sports, suggesting that rules and competitiveness should be avoided.

This study aimed to clarify the developmental relationships between alternating bimanual hand grasping and self-recognition in early childhood. Sixty-five young children participated in hand skill tasks of alternately grasping a rubber bulb with each hand, which consisted of three conditions: 1-second or 2-seconds switching with model and no model. They were also required to draw a self-portrait to assess the developmental features of their self-recognition. The results showed that the level of alternately grasping without model presentation was significantly related to self-portrait score. These suggested that development of self-recognition was related to the alternating bimanual hand regulation in their own rhythm.