In this study, through the perspective outlined below, I discuss how the number of “martial ways" adherents expanded after the Meiji era, in which the warrior class, the primary supporter of the martial arts, collapsed, and was altered into a form more befitting a modern state, as well as how these arts developed into the aspect of national culture known as “martial ways."

1. The decline and return of martial arts in the early Meiji era

1) The police increasingly became an entry route into the martial arts, through the recruitment of famous martial artists successful in kenjyutsu shows called Gekiken kogyo and increased martial arts training for police officers; this was achieved by connecting the liberal democratic movement with martial artists and honing the movement toward martial arts training among civil rights advocates.

2) Martial arts were often practiced within the imperial court, perhaps for the purpose of appealing to the identity of the state. The incorporation of the martial arts, which was a part of the traditional warrior culture, into the functions of the imperial court may have been a strategy for establishing the modern imperial system.

3) Jigoro Kano rationalized and systematized the learning and teaching of Judo and founded Kodokan Judo as a method of the education for youth in the modern state.

2. The Invention of “Martial Ways"

1) “Martial ways" were invented in Japan for ensuring the survival of Japan's ancient traditional culture by preserving old customs and integrating these with the national awareness that had demonstrated dissatisfaction with the policies of extreme Europeanization prevalent since the Meiji Restoration; further, it was done to express Japan's cultural identity as a venerable state to foreign countries.

3. The Expansion of Classes Accepting Martial Ways

As has been noted, “martial ways," invented in the modern age, has been adopted as a broad national culture. This is indicated by various aspects, such as the creation of an association of martial arts organizations, the establishment of Dai Nippon Butoku Kai in 1895 for the education in and preservation of the martial arts, the movement to incorporate martial arts into regular school curricula, and the activities of youth associations and groups formed for the development of local youth.

Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of coaching that considers subjects' ages and aims. An understanding of children, as coaching subjects, is essential in providing them with optimal sports experiences. An evaluation chart via which children assess sports experiences with respect to coaching could be used as a tool via which to understanding coaching subjects. This study aimed to examine the development of an evaluation chart via which children assessed sports experience with respect to coaching, which was suitable for use as a tool via which to understanding coaching subjects.

The first step in developing the evaluation chart was to conduct a retrospective survey concerning positive and negative sports experiences with respect to coaching, which targeted students who were majoring in coaching in graduate school or had already completed those studies. We then performed a qualitative analysis of the results. A questionnaire was developed to provide the basis of the evaluation chart, which referenced evaluation methods already practiced in physical education classes in schools and subcategories. The questionnaire survey was conducted during the sampling period. We performed exploratory factor analysis to examine the responses and clarified the factor structure, to develop an evaluation chart via which children could evaluate sports experiences with respect to coaching.

Contact sports have attracted attention in the study of aggression, and many empirical studies on the relation between the two have been conducted. However, previous research on aggression has neither led to a consensus on gender differences, nor on differences between the various types of sports. The reason for this is that existing scales do not help quantify the ‘intentions' of subjects and are not useful in differentiating between different types of aggression. Accordingly, the use of psychological scales for the study of aggression in the area of sport to date has been limited.

To overcome this problem, this study sought to develop a scale based on the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) that discriminates between four types of aggression in sports −strategic, reactive, impulsive and hostile− from the perspectives of ‘acceptability' and ‘intention'. In Study 1, illustrations depicting scenes from a lacrosse tournament were created and a evaluation scale was developed. In Study 2, the validity of the scale was assessed and the characteristics of each type of aggression were clarified. The results revealed the overall validity of the developed aggression scale and also indicated that contact sport athletes can control their aggression, with high level athletes employing aggression strategically.

The present study focuses on outside screen tactics in Japanese basketball and intends to clarify the adoption process of that.

The results of the study can be summarized as follows.

①The adoption of pivot became more common in Japan around in the mid-1920s.

②Off-ball screen tactics, which are a kind of Screenplay, had already been introduced in Japan around since 1927 with a mature environment in place to receive the tactics.

③A guidance book came to deal with outside screen around in 1929 and environments were well prepared to enable outside screen tactics into place.

④The hand off pass were adopted by around 1930.

⑤It is generally said that Screenplay is more effective in man-to-man defense rather than in zone defense and it was understood in the same way in Japan from the end of the 1920s to the beginning of the early 1930s. And the spread of man-to-man defense in the 1930s contributed to develop favorable environments for outside screen tactics to exert more effectiveness.

Outside screen tactics came to be widely used at the beginning of the 1930s in Japan throughout such history.