Present status of the impact studies is not completely apparent, though a number of studies have been performed in the global warming and climate change field. Such overview is essential to develop a national research plan to assess the impacts on the whole nation of Japan, which is aimed at by Global Warming Research Initiative launched by The Council for Science and Technology Policy. In order to fill this gap, a research database is developed focusing on exposure areas, assessment methods, vulnerability, and countermeasures. This paper presents the structure of the database and obtained results. There is difference in the research activities and achievement among areas; areas with advanced achievements are ocean, coastal zones, natural ecosystem and agriculture. This database can also be used to discuss the threshold in terms of the tolerable limits of the adverse impacts of climate change.

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CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) is regarded as one of the effective measures to tackle the global warming issue. In order to implement a CDM project, Project Design Document which consists of baseline methodology, monitoring methodology and the project specific application, must be approved by the UNFCCC (U. N. Framework Convention on Climate Change). MCF Methane Conversion Factor is inevitable in the calculation of methane generation from anaerobic treatment system. This paper suggests the tentative method of MCF calculation, since at the current situation so little data necessary for MCF determination is available. Thus, in order to develop more applicable and reliable MCF, more observation research are strongly desired.

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Heretofore, models of residential energy consumption and commercial sectors were developed, and development trends of energy demand and CO₂ emissions in residential and commercial sectors were examined for the four Asian mega-cities of Tokyo, Seoul, Beijing and Shanghai. In this paper, effects and sensitivity of strategies in consideration of fuel type factor, energy related appliance, housing and lifestyle factors was carried out by scenario approach for reduction of CO₂ emission from energy consumption. Assessment results show that through improvement of factor synthesis, the CO₂ emission in the residential sector in 2020 could be reduced by 37.0% in Beijing, 38.3% in Shanghai, 36.3% in Tokyo and 27.0% in Seoul, and the CO₂ emission in the commercial sector could be reduced by 29.2% in Beijing, 34.4% in Shanghai, 29.4% in Tokyo and 29.2% in Seoul compared with the tendency case. Sensitivity analysis results show that there exist uncertainties in parameters and model building. For the former case, introduction rates of strategies were selected for main parameters, and effect on the final results was found as dissemination rate was lowered by 10%. For the later, effect on the final results was found as change was adjusted between the upper and lower limit of 95% confidence interval.

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The global warming due to the increase of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, i. e., CO₂, is the most serious and important issue in the global environmental problems. In this paper, a simple analysis is indicated in order to estimate the reduction of CO₂ based on modal shift of freight transportation from motor trucks to merchant shipping or railroads with a view to protect global warming by using several statistical data on CO₂ discharge in Japan. The analytical result shows that the modal shift plan proposed by the present paper is very effective for the reduction of CO₂ in comparison with a few another countermeasures and it makes a great contribution for the goal of CO₂ reduction following Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework.

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The development and production of new materials and goods has been rapidly improved since the industrial revolution. Nowadays, even though our lives benefit greatly by these products, industrial activities also have serious adverse impact on environment and human beings, and so environment-friendliness becomes the most important topic for producers. However, in Japan, the current situation of producer-consumer mutual trust relationship has been gotten worse, because of the successive mistakes made by industries in late 1990s. Under the circumstances, Administration starts to introduce the concept of risk communication to secure product safety for consumers. On the other hand, cooperatives are also considered as the organization for securing product safety, which select appropriate producers for consumers according to moral and ethical standards of producers.
Hence, in this study, cooperatives were taken up as a key point of rebuilding the trust relationship between producers and consumers, and a questionnaire for producers, consumers and cooperatives about environmental trust relationship was conducted. Present condition of the producer-consumer environmental trust relationship was examined through analyzing the results of the questionnaire.

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This paper describes the present situation of energy supplement and utilization in rural area of China, predicts the increasing energy requirements in the future for promoting resource protection and utilization of renewable energy. The research was conducted at Simao city in southwest area and Liumingying farm land in Beijing area. Methane or biogas has been widely used as a traditional energy, it was enabled to reduce the environmental load and supply energy in rural area It is clarified that such bio-energy utilization is very effective to CO₂ and deforestation reduction for protecting the eco-environment and establishing a renewable energy supplement system.

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The principal objective of this research is to clarify the mitigation effect of heat island and air pollution in Seoul city after the restoration of the Cheong-Gye Stream and green spaces which has been one of the main highway in Seoul. The authors are monitoring several meteorological parameters such as air temperature, humidity, wind speed/velocity, and heat budgets using the automated meteorological data acquisition system settled by themselves. Also they have made field meteorological observations in and around the Cheong-Gye Stream area twice before the removal of overhead highway in June and August, 2003. Most of the previous studies, which aimed to evaluate and predict the mitigation effect of urban heat island by the expansion of water surface and green spaces in a big city, applied numerical simulation using urban climate model. However, the ongoing the Cheong-Gye Stream restoration project in Seoul city will surely provide us a rare opportunity to verify the mitigation effect of heat island by monitoring the various meteorological factors during the course of this big project from beginning to completion. The results might contribute not only to the urban climatology but also to the urban planning studies.

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NO₃^-, SO₄^2-, and NO₂^- concentrations in rainwater were measured at several points in the central area of Hiroshima city. From the concentration ratio of NO₃^- and SO₄^2- and the wind-rose diagram in Hiroshima city during the experimental period, these acid materials in rainwater were supposed to be formed within the area of Hiroshima city.
A significant positive correlation between NO₃^- and SO₄^2- (r=0.77, p<0.01) was found in their concentrations. The cluster analysis revealed the high similarity between NO₃^- and SO₄^2-. These results suggest that the two ions share some similar regional properties in their sources. NO₂^- showed no correlation in its concentration with the other ions. Moreover, the cluster pattern of NO₂^- was different from those of other ions, which suggests that the below-cloud scavenging of NO_x is not a major formation process of NO₃^- in rain water.

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Leaked pollutant from a waste disposal site at sea might cause a wider environmental problem of sea pollution. Recently, the requirements on such waste disposal are increased. However, the technical manual for the construction of them still has problems.
Last year, authors showed that the new structure of caisson type seawall, which has a solid reticulation formation resin and seepage control materials filing the gaps in the rubble, has a high sealing performance.
In this study, we pointed to the boundaries between rubble mound and caisson and between rubble mound and ground, and joints between caissons. Furthermore we noticed the sealing performance of them under seismic behavior.
Based on test results and advection dispersion analysis, it was predicted that its sealing performance would keep a high performance under seismic condition and be sufficient even if it was added 100 years later.

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