The soil erosion from farmland becomes serious impact on the ecosystem in the coral reef in Okinawa district. In order to solve these problems, it is necessary to build a support system for the integration of the measures in a river basin. This paper analyzes the social market of the fund system for the watershed management by marketing research using the internet as follows, 1) the interest for the crisis of the coral reef at Yaeyama Islands, 2) the intention to offer a fund for preservation of the coral reef, 3) the linkage of the tourism and the preservation of coral reef.

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The purpose of the research was to investigate the effect of suspended sediment concentration on remote sensing reflectance and depth of light penetration in the turbid water. Turbidity is not a uniform parameter, either spatially or temporally. Laboratory based experiments were performed to establish relationship between the hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance signal and suspended sediment concentration (SSC). The indoor spectral reflectance was measured lm above the water surface using both hyperspectral Field SpecPro FR Spectroradiometer and quantum sensor. The experiments were performed in the electromagnetic spectrum region of 400nm to 900nm keeping all environmental parameters constant. A relationship for PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) transmittance, reflectance and absorption with varying levels of SSC was illustrated. The reflectance and diffuse attenuation coefficient increase with the increase in SSC. The first derivative of peak reflectance, at 827nm, correlated strongly with SSC than the peak reflectance itself. Model was developed to quantify the suspended sediment concentration.

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This study aims for a sustainable development of local community and the value creation contributing to the global environmental conservation by developing a sustainable circulatory energy system. It is important for Kochi prefecture, where 84% of the land is forest, to have the point of view that considering forest resources not only for the lumber use but also as a valuable energy resource, and it could be a new possibility to break through the current situation for Kochi. Since Japanese cedar and cypress trees planted after the War have not been taken care of, it is possible that not only their property value does not increase but also they could cause the devastation of mountainous area. Utilization of wood-based energy managed within their growth level is an effective method to maintain neutralization of CO2 and has recently been recognized as an important circulatory energy. We have been taking economical, environmental, and social approaches to develop the circulatory wood-based energy system. In this report, we explain a survey on greenhouse farmers, development of the effective combustion appliance, assessment of the tree properness for fuel, evaluation of the process and calculation of the cost, and finally states direction of the future study.

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The objective of this research study is to develop the Watershed Administration System to evaluate the effectiveness of red soil protection project by farm management in Ishigaki Island, Okinawa. The concept of the watershed administration system is based on the relationship between cost and income analysis.
The developed system has taken in to account the farmer willingness and estimated the feasibility of intercropping method and outcomes of some criteria for the outflow of red soil from the catchments to the sea. The proposed system will be useful for watershed and social management.

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The purpose of this research is to propose the valley eco management analysis model which targets environmental resources of Shimanto River basin maintains the effect that the forest has for the next generation from the viewpoint of “Environment”, “Forestry”, and “Local revitalization”, and environment management system which pays attention to the wood biomass power-generation activities and maintains a public interest function of the forest and coexists thinning of a forest, biomass power generation cost, and local populace's needs.

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Scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient. size distribution and mass of atmospheric aerosols were measured at Fukue Island in the East China Sea in March 2007. The scattering coefficient varied from 6 to 340Mm^-1 with an average of 67Mm^-1 at 530nm wavelength. and the absorption coefficient varied from 0.1 to 49Mm^-1 with an average of 7.6Mm^-1 at 565 nm wavelength. On March 22. the mass concentration increased with increase of scattering and absorption coefficients. which might be caused by long range transport of aerosols originated in the continental China.

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Atmospheric aerosols affect on the global climate by changing the energy balance of earth-atmosphere system through scattering and absorption of solar radiation. Atmospheric turbiditycoefficients and global solar radiation were calculated in 14 cites in Japan from 1995 to 2005. Theatmospheric turbidity coefficient show increase in spring and decrease in autumn. The high values arederived from long range transport of dust aerosols originated in continent in China, or highconcentration of aerosols under by weak wind in calm day. The global solar radiation shows decreasefrom 1960 to 1980s, and shift to increase on reaching 1980s.

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In order to clarify the actual conditions of emissions of environmental loads in Asia, we estimated emissions from energy consumption and agriculture in 2001 and developed emissionsinventories with ArcGIS.
To estimate the emissions of NOx, SO₂ and CO₂ from energy consumption, we calculated theservice demands of each sector by using economic model and constructed the energy enduse model. We also estimated the emissions of NOx, SO₂, CO₂, CH₄, NH₃ and N₂O from agriculture in eachemission resource. Then the emissions are spatially distributed by using the landuse data and largepoint source (LPS) data such as electric power plants including its longitude and latitude data.
As a result, we estimated total emissions of NOx, SO₂ and CO₂ are 31.1 (Tg), 29.5 (Tg), 6026.2 (Tg), and the large amount of the emissions is from electric power plants. The results of spatialdistribution of these gases show that these gases have concentrated exhaust source on a specific place. We also estimated emissions of CH₄, NH₃ and N₂O from agriculture are 69.4 (Tg), 15.0 (Tg), 3245.8 (Gg), and the largeamount of these gases is emitted from the north part of India.

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Mechanism of NO_x removal by porous fences filled inside with activated carbon fiber (ACF) wasnumerically investigated in detail. It was found:(1) NOx removal efficiency is highly dependent on flow structure formedby the fences. For example, ACF fence on the upstream side is more effective than that on the downstream side, because acirculating flow over the road space tends to form high concentration zone close to the ACF fence on the upstream side, the pollutants which can be readily removed by the fence.(2) The pollutants are removed both inside and on the ACFfences.

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Effect of PM 10 concentrations on premature mortality rate was investigated for Nagoya, Japan by using 9years data from 1996 to 2004. Multiple regression analysis was performed. As a result, average age of the residents, temperature, and PM10 concentration were identified as important parameters explaining premature mortality rate, while NO₂ concentration was not. Based on the multiple regression model which obtained in this study, that about 17 prematuredeaths per 100, 000 people per one year would be avoided was predicted for a reduction of annually averaged PM10 concentration by 10 μgm^-3, which was qualitatively consistent with an other approach by Ostro (1994).

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Although the Air Quality Standard achievement rate of Suspended Particulate Matter hasbeen improved recently, particulate air pollution is estimated to be one of the main environmental healthrisks in Japan. In this study, we estimate the changes in life expectancy due to the exposure to particulatesin urban area in Japan based on the relative risks obtained from a recent epidemiological study. The lifeloss expectancies (LLEs) for long-term exposure calculated for Yokohama city range from 1.0 to 1.8 years, which are comparable to those estimated for major European cities. These differences, however, comeslargely from social data such as age structure of the population and age-specific mortality rather thanparticulate concentrations.

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An Eulerian hemispheric model is used to investigate emission source contributions to the Arctic air pollution such as the Arctic haze and black carbon (BC) accumulation. Four cities, including Tiksi (71° 38' N, 128° 52' E), Barrow (71° 18' N, 156° 44' W), Alert (82° 28' N, 62° 30' W), and Spitsbergen (77° 55' N, 11° 56' E), are selected to evaluate the estimations. The results indicate that more than half of the wintertime sulfur deposition comes from emission sources in north America, and the contributions donot differ greatly with those in summer. The results from the calculations for BC suggests that three majoremission sources, namely open burning, biofuel, and fossil fuel, equally contribute to BC levels in thearctic cities.

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Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to daily wet deposition data fromthree satations in Japan to find the source profiles from which the precipitation samples areconstituted. For most ions more than 90% of the weighted variation was explained with 4 factors. Thefactors are characterized by the following compounds: strong acids (H₂SO₄ and HNO₃), (NH₄) ₂SO₄, NaCl, and CaSO₄. Based on the chemical compositions of the factors, a time series of the factor contributions, andthe results from trajectory analysis, the factors are considered to represent sea salt, soil, (NH₄) ₂SO₄ andacidity. Although the three stations show different temporal trends for total nss-SO4 wet deposition amount, the monthly contributions of the (NH₄) ₂SO₄ factor to nss-SO₄ wet deposition were fairly constant for thestudying years. The acidity seemed to be controlled by the neutralization by soil particles.

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Almost all cloud droplets are formed by heterogeneous nucleation, i. e., by condensation ofthe atmospheric water vapor onto hygroscopic aerosol particles as (NH₄) ₂SO₄ called cloud condensationnuclei (CCN). During cloud droplet formation, (NH₄) ₂SO₄ dissolves to break up into ions in condensedwater. On the other hand, atmospheric gases as CO₂ (g) are absorbed concurrently. Dissolution of CCN andabsorption of CO₂ (g) may interact each other through aqueous chemical reactions and, therefore, theresultant acidity of cloud droplets are different from those caused by CCN and CO₂ (g) separately. In orderto investigate the interactive effects on cloud droplet acidity a mathematical model has been constructedand made some numerical simulations. Calculations show that, at low temperature (less than about 10degree Celsius), the higher the CCN concentration, the lower the cloud droplet acidity becomes. Thismeans CCN acts as a buffer with CO₂ (g) acidification at low temperature.

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In this study, we applied energy end-use model to estimate air pollution emissions by considering the use ofenergy devices which are decided from energy demand. In the second, the total emission with time variation that wasemitted from sectors was disaggregated into the regions of target area, and finally, by using the meso-scale metheorologymodel (MM5) and the chemical transfer model (CMAQ), the chemical transformation and transportation at the presentand in the future were computed in the three different spatial scales. Accuracy in long range transportation of thedeveloped model was validated through comparison between the estimated value and the observation by the East Asian Monitoring Networks.
From the result of finest domain, the background concentration of NO₂ was 2-4 ppb in the year average concen trationand about 19 ppb in the maximum of day average concentration, and the possibility was clarified that NO₂ concentrationin Beijing sometimes is pushed up over Chinese standard of air quality by the NO₂ transported from the outside. Moreover, SO₂ and NOx emissions in 2020 were estimated by the end-use model, and the concentration of the each gasin Beijing was calculated and analyzed. As a result, the concentration in 2020 was over three times higher than that in 2001, and it was specially pointed that SO₂ in winter and NO₂ in summer are remarkably high.

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Air pollution in Jakarta in the dry season (6-19 August, 2004) was numerically investigated by using CTM. Some of the obtained results are as follows. Pollutants rich marine air was found as source of ozone rich air massbrought into Jakarta by sea breeze. Shallow sea breeze and thermal internal boundary layers caped by strong stable layerresulted in a characteristic ozone concentration profile with low at ground and high at 300m. Shallow sea breeze layerwas due to synoptic easterly-southeasterly in this season.

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For the purpose of pollutant load analyses for the calculation of pollutant loads per capita flowing into the water body (PLCwb) and preparation of environmental accounting housekeeping (EAH) books in the developing countries, the preliminary surveys and secondary information/data collection were conducted in Thailand and Bangladesh, in autumn and winter in 2006. Water quality and quantity (flow rate) were analyzed in the rivers and canals in and around Bangkok, Thailand, and a river and inner-city lakes in and around Dhaka, Bangladesh. Water depth, water temperature, salinity, electricity, density, turbidity, chlorophyll a were monitored vertically with a compact type water quality recorder, Compact-CTD ⊗(ALEC electricity, Japan). Other parameters including TOC, COD_Cr TN were measured in the laboratories. Pack Tests ⊗(Kyoritsu Chemical, Japan) were used to analyze COD_Mn, PO₄-P, NO₂-N and NO₃-N to investigate their effectiveness in monitoring the water quality in these rivers and lakes. In the Sitalakhaya River, vertical homogeneity was observed with the parameters measured with the water quality data logger. The characteristics of water quality in the estuary area in the rivers in Bangkok were observed. The Pack Test measurements were identified effective to illustrate water quality profiles of the water environment in the river and the three lakes in and around Dhaka, and two rivers and a canal in and around Bangkok. Based on the results of the field survey and secondary data, recommendations were proposed for the water quality improvement in the surface water.

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In this research, the water purification system using a photocatalyst was proposed and examination experimental about the effect and practical use possibility was performed. The titanium dioxide which is a photocatalyst is cheap, and exists abundantly as resources. The oxidization/reducing power which this titanium dioxide has are used for the purpose of decomposition removal of the quality of a water pollutant, and sterilization of a disease germ (typically estimated by coli form bacillus). Since the photocatalyst effect which a titanium dioxide has can provide the energy which advances an oxidation-reduction reaction by solar energy, it is energy saving very much in the point of not needing electric power using drained type resources. In old research, it was made difficult to use a photocatalyst for water disposal with many amounts of processing. So, in this research, while confirming the availability of solar energy, it inquired about the increase in the amount of water disposal by adopting the continuous processing method of a multilayer type. From the result of a batch type and a continuation type experiment, the validity of this method has been checked to the glucose which is model waste water, polluted river water, and all the object corruption water of sewage disposal water.

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A current national critical issue is an increase of drifted garbage on Japanese coasts. Because of the accumulation of the garbage year after year, the coastal pollution issue has become critical for recent years. The large amount of the drifted garbage has made many Japanese coasts like a huge landfill. Some of the garbage is found to be drifted or floated from several neighbor countries such as China, Taiwan, South Korean and Russia, depending on the location of the coasts in Japan. On the other hand, not many policies to manage the costal environment have been established well. Therefore, the coastal pollution caused by the drifted garbage has been getting serious every year.
In this report, especially, some discussions are carried out about the problem of drifted garbage in Yaeyama islands of Okinawa, injurious chemical substances contained in drifted oil balls and the possibility of injurious chemical substances dissolved by the decomposition of drifted garbage. Then, I expect that the feasible processing system for treating the drifted garbage is developed in order to protect coastal and marine environment.

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Social, economic and environment is a composite dynamic system.“Mass production, and mass consumption, and mass discarded waste” has been a popular phenomenon in modern society, especially in developing countries. Literatures have indicated consumption is a driving factor of environmental loads but only few give quantitative results. In this study, individual's waste generation by waste component category is simulated via simultaneous equation system regarding for the consumption structure by a case study of Taiwan. Firstly, precise estimation models are developed, and analysis results not only identify the household waste generation loads of consumer's behavior explicitly, but also provide an analytic framework to evaluate performance of relevant policies.

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Effects of wet deposition of ammonia-N and nitrate-N on algal blooming in Mikawa Bay, Japan, where N is known as limiting factor for eutrophication, were numerically investigated by using a modified CE-QUAL-W2 model, a fluid-dynamic/ecological model. Three years simulations from April, 1998 to March, 2001 were performed for the cases with and without the wet deposition of N compounds. Results show the amount of N loading through precipitation is about 10 % of that from rivers, yet chlorophyll-a concentration in near-sea-surface water can be drastically increased by adding this wet deposition, and the calculated concentrations come close to observation. The nature of N loading by wet deposition, which provides the nutrient to photosynthesis active area, will explain this phenomenon.

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Global warming and sea level-rise are projected to affect seriously on atolls, which are narrow and low-lying islets on coastal reefs. Accelerated coastal erosion or decrease of coastal vegetation would be critical problem for atolls. Then, we focused on land cover and vegetation in the coastal zone, and classified land use of the coastal zone on Majuro atoll. The feature of geographical features and land cover of the coastal zone was able to be divided by using ground truth data acquired in filed investigation, GPS-image, satellite image (IKONOS). Finally, it was proposed that the region where defense measures were necessary and the regions where current state was maintained.

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To evaluate the flood protection effect of the conversion of polders to retarding basin around the Dongting Lake in the middle region of the Changjiang River, China, we applied the integrated watershed hydrological model using gauged daily precipitation data of 1998 when the second largest flood occurred in the basin in the last century. While the estimated storage capacity of the Dongting Lake increased 11.5×10⁹ m³ by the conversion of polders in comparison with the estimated capacity at the flood period in 1998 at the average water level of 35.0 m, the simulated daily average water levels of the lake showed that the protection of the flood was impossible by only increasing capacity in the confluence between the Changjiang mainstream and the Dongting Lake in case of 1998 flood. The model also simulated that the flood protection was fully achieved at the confluence by making the volume diverging from the Changjiang mainstream to the Dongting lake increase with the diverging ratio at 1950s under the appropriate discharge control by the Three Gorges Dam. These results suggest that “return land to lake” policy around the Dongting Lake probably brings the best flood protection effect when the increased capacity of the lake uses for the control of the water level in the Jinjiang section of the Changjiang mainstream.

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Many dam projects and dam constructions are increasingly brought forward in Mekong basin. Deposition of sand in dams will causes change of a cycle balance of sediment discharge. It is necessary to integrate numerical information in relation to dam project and sediment discharge. Sediment discharge was calculated by applying MUSLE model. Data of elevation, climate, soil and landuse of the year 1998 were used for calculation. Most of sediment discharge in the area distributed from the upper basin to the middle basin. In the area that has large amount of sediment discharge, the discharge rate will be decreased by Dam development.

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In this paper, industrial and household water use was surveyed and analyzed in Lower Chao Phraya River Basin. Water use unit analysis is a main initial part of water demand management model. Questionnaire, interview and field survey were selected to collect data. Three main topics are concentrated in this survey;(1) water use and source, (2) water use in each process, and (3) water situation in the future. At 95 percentages significant level, 400 samples of each industrial and household questionnaires is needed for analyzing. Industrial water unit use by International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) code in unit of cubic meter per million Thai baht was analyzed from surveyed water use data with monetary term of intermediate transaction from analyzed input-output table. In study area, average industrial water use unit is 2.2m³/d/M. THB. The main water users are textile, chemical, and food product. Household water use unit in Bangkok with 346 liter per capita per day is the highest in study area because of high water consumed activities from higher daily life styles.

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Flood damage cost was estimated based on numerical simulation with land-use category and the flood control economic research manual. The flood simulation was carried out by the distributed extreme precipitation data and the flood model in the whole country. The flood damages were assessed by the simulation results every return period and the flood damages calculation method. The results obtained are; 1) The inundation damage cost increases almost linear as the extreme precipitation increases, 2) When considering that the flood control measures to the extreme precipitation until the return period 50 years are completed, new measure costs are expected about 22 trillion yen to the probability precipitation of the return period 100 years, and 3) Similarly, when assuming the return period 30 years, the measures costs of about 36 trillion yen are needed.

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ABSTRACT; It is said that human beings is now in a situation that is difficult to continue sustainable development. According to The Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Global Update, annual report 2001 by WWF, etc., danger of the annihilation of the human race would be inevitable if we are to stay on the present economic system and life style. Also in “The Pentagon Report” 2003, serious food, energy, and water crises would shake the area of Europe, the Caribbean Sea and North East Asia between 2010 and 2030. Those international crises could happen to Japan earlier and fiercer because of the lowest ratio of self-sufficiency among major countries in the world. Conceivable scenarios to tackle the serious crises are:(1) Drastic reduction of consumption, (2) Improvements and enhancement of product system and energy efficiency, and (3) Focus on ocean potential. It is highly desirable that Japan takes those scenarios into actions as soon as possible as a leading country with hope for spreading the success on a global scale afterwards. Based on the premise of practical use of revolutionary technological innovation, we aim at realizing “floating ekmene”, as one of the best measures to make the best use of ocean potential.

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Increase of damage caused by storm surge is one of the important effects of global warming. It is necessary to know quantitatively the relationship between sea level rise/ tropical cyclones trengthening and damage of storm surge. The researcho bjectivei s to formulate a climate-change susceptible function on storm surge damage. For that purpose, the author built the numerical model that explains inundation state under storm surge. The information of topography and coastal facilities is given as spatial mesh data in the model. The fluid motion is described by linear long wavest heory. Seawater is considered to flows intol and as seawallo verflow. Run up is calculated by Iwasaki and Mano's method. In the first step of making the nationwide model, the author built the model of inner parts of three major bays in Japan, which have large populations and properties. A ccording to the calculation, the inundation areas had tendencies to increase in small rate in the early stage corresponding to increase of atmospheric pressure of typhoon eye, but had tendencies to increase rapidly from certain typhoon pressures and sea levels.

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Since the terrible storm surge disaster by the Typhoon Vera in 1959, many storm surge defense facilities have been constructed on the coast of bays with disastrous storm surges. The occurrence probability of a higher tidal level than the design tidal level seems to be small, but it may increase due to global warming effects such as the mean sea level rise and typhoon intensification. This study, therefore, gave the value of typhoon parameters under current and future climates by a stochastic typhoon model, and estimated the extreme marine surface depression and wind speed, storm surge, and tidal level with a return period of 10 to 1, 000 years in West Japan. The typhoon development region for the stochastic typhoon model was assumed to move toward the north by 1.5 degrees in latitude from the current to future climate. The simulation result shows that large storm surge and high tidal level over the design condition may appear even under the current climate and that the return period may decrease significantly at some locations.

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To investigate the possibility of projection of unusual weathers such as hot and cool summer or disaster of heavy rainfall under the global warming condition, we have examined the reconstructed probability of extreme summertime high and low temperatures and local-scale heavy rainfall by using a regional climate model (RCM), Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) modified in the Terrestrial Environmental Research Center (TERC). The TERC-RAMS is a nested RCM and has driven by a forcing general circulation field obtained from realistic re-analysis data or Global Climate Models. Preliminary experiments are intended to reconstruct mainly on daily rainfall amount and frequency, and daily maximum and minimum temperatures in Japan. The results showed that the TERC-RAMS could reconstruct the rainfall frequency in one month, but not project the absolute amount of heavy rainfall well. In addition, this model has a systematic bias for under-estimation of temperature. The model experiments have necessity to further development especially on radiation and surface soil/water conditions.

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Recently, Heat Island Phenomenon had more and more influence not only on the city environment but also on the global environment.
As a variety of measures (frameworks) have been taken, we now come to the stage to implement a practical project on HIP
However, the lack of scientific information on the effectiveness of technologies using geothermal heat and on its environmental impact assessment on the ground environment prevent the best use of the technologies.
This article reports on the result of the experimental project investigation on geothermal heat pump system in Fukuoka-city, (Fukuoka-ken) and the result of quantitive assessment on the effectiveness of the technology and on its impact on the environment and its influence in the ground environment
I hope this article will contribute to the Heat Island Phenomenon and Climate Change.

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The global hydrological balance is influence to the change of the rainfall pattern, to the amount of evapotranspiration and to the rainfall variation. These global changes depend on the green house effect. The change of the temperature and the rainfall are influence to the drought and the heavy rain occurrence frequency.
These global changes are influence to the change in social structure, to the life style and to the balance of food production and consumption. When the food production and the consumption can't balance in an own country, we have to depend on import. But when a change in a global hydrological balance has an influence on food production at the whole earth scale, the food crisis will become serious.
We discussed the relationship between the global hydrological balance and the food self-sufficient ratio by using the virtual water concept and the world precipitation data base.

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Rapid urbanization economic development in developing counties has been taking place hand-in-hand with diffusion of household appliances like air conditioner, and residential and commercial energy consumption in those countries will become one of the key factors affecting global warming. This study took Shanghai, one of the biggest cities in China as a case study area, and aimed to predict future (by the year of 2030) energy consumption of residential and commercial sector based on our estimation model of energy demand and CO₂ reduction potential. Taking into several CO₂ reduction measures, CO₂ reduction potential was estimated. The results suggested that our estimation model could provide several useful policy implications and would be applicable to the other cities of China.

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About 60% of the forest (approximately 2, 500ha) was damaged by generating a large amount of harmful volcanic gas (SO2) from the crater by the eruption in 2000 in Miyake-jima. Using a large amount of withered tree as “Not waste but environmental improvement materials (=charcoal)” contributes to an environmental reproduction and regional promotion of Miyake-jima. Moreover, this can contribute also to the exhaust reduction of CO2 by fixing the carbon. This study was performed to aim to collect various data for the development in the future, and checked the economy of the carbonization and toxicity, quality, production method etc.
It was confirmed that heavy metal etc. doesn't contain about toxicity. As for quality, although specific gravity is small, the carbon content is 80% or more, and pore was more than the equal to charcoal on the market, and it was proved that adsorption performance was high. By this trial, the carbonization processing cost, toxicity, the quality, and the cost of making to the product, etc. become clear, and it will be used as basic data to make the Miyake-jima reproduction scheme in the future.

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Experimental reforestation has been conducted on the steep slope surface of rock with three varied environmental conditions in regard with fissures, the degree of weathering and the presence and absence of spring waters. The initial conditions of the test plots and preliminary results were reported on 13^th symposium in 2005. The continuous results of field experiment collected in 2006 were summarized in the present report. The frequency of fissures, the degree of weathering and the presence of spring water were determined in the test plots. The water content of surface soil and the content of nutrients were also measured. Slightly higher water content of soil surface was observed in the root-beds supporting seedling survival. The nutrient contents of total nitrogen, total carbon, exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na) did not show significant difference among test plots. Available phosphate content showed wide variation among test plots. The survival rates of planted seedlings did not necessarily coincide with nutrient contents except available phosphate and the number of fissures in the surface of rock. These results suggested that the water content, available phosphate and the fissures in the rock surface could be the important factor to decide survival of seedlings. Therefore it is very important to select proper position of planting for the survival of seedlings on the rock surface.

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Rapid population gains, surging economies and urbanization have placed a considerable burden on the environments of river basins and cities around the globe, and have brought sweeping change to the forms of water and material circulation, ecosystems and landscapes worldwide. To eliminate the negative legacy that has resulted and ensure rehabilitation to achieve a sound society, economy and nature environment, the authors analyzed, typified and modeled cases of practical initiative undertaken for river basin areas around the world. The authors then use the results to design and present a scenario for rehabilitation of river basin areas and cities that aims at achieving a symbiosis with nature in urban and local areas.

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For following generations we should be responsible for saving fundamental resources such as food, water, and functional materials with strength, workability, lightness. Especially mineral materials like non-reproductive one must be respected. All people have right to live in good circumstance and also have obligation to keep good circumstance for the other people, especially for our followings in future. Everywhere on the earth to continue our lives, we are struck various natural disasters like earthquake, volcano eruption, flood, mud-sliding and so on. No body can stop their occurrence without to escape from their ruinations and to reduce their damages. Depopulation and ageing bring land-devastations and fatal disasters.
The motto to realize its responsibility is “sustainable life”, not “sustainable development”. Also the keywords symbolizing such sustainability must be added up to Residuum and Redundant on the three keywords as Recycle, Reduce and Reuse In order to make regional improvement planning for sustainable life, it is necessary to join together with civics, experts and municipal staffs.
This paper deals with outline of the restructuring plan for the already weakened economy.

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In 2005 the greenhouse gas emissions in Japan increased by 8.1% from 1990 levels. The achievement of the target required in the Kyoto Protocol is a difficult situation. As the CO₂ absorption function of the forest is accepted to be counted in to the greenhouse gas reduction, the forest maintenance through afforestation, conservation, and deforestation is requested. The construction of the system that controls the discharge in the atmosphere is requested with CO₂ stock for a long term by making wood building materials, and then the energy recovery. In this study the inventories of circulation technologies for wooden biomass was investigated. And the system is constructed that evaluates the effect of the carbon absorption, the carbon stock, and the fossil fuel reduction of the regional circulation. As a result of the case study for Saitama Prefecture, to maintain a current amount of the CO₂ absorption, it was necessary to use local wood also for the usages other than construction. And the circulation use for a wooden biomass had the big potential in CO₂ reduction.

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Eco-labeling is, through communication of verifiable and accurate information, that is not misleading, on environmental aspects of products and services, to encourage the demand for and supply of those products and services that cause less stress on the environment, thereby stimulating the potential for market-driven continuous environmental improvement.
In Indonesia, various environmental problems, such as illegal logging, water pollution and waste have become seriously in accordance with population growth, changing of life style and economical growth. Although a lot of efforts have been done by enforcement of environmental laws of governmental institutions, it is not enough in order to solve these environmental problems.
The eco-labeling system which utilizes economic instruments and market mechanism is one of the most effective technical skills in order to realize sustainable society.
This paper reviews the Indonesian eco-labeling system and environmental impact reduction effect by means of expanding the market share of eco-labeling products.

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In developed countries including Japan, demands for durable goods, such as housing, infrastructure, and production capital, almost reach saturation, and growths of their demands become to slow down. This means demands for durable goods in the future are given as a function of stocks. Addition to that, a large amount of materials accumulated in durable goods is expected to generate a large amount of wastes when these goods reach the end of their lifetimes. So the estimation of stock is required to consider countermeasures to develop the dematerialization society. This research develops Material Stock and Flow Model, which describes the material stock and flow in the society to analyze the mechanism of changes in material stock and flow and socio-economic factors in Japan. The target material is iron, and final demand goods are categorized into four durable goods; machineries, buildings, civil engineering structures, and other industrial products. The model is developed by the econometric method using the past about 100 years' socio-economic data and iron physical data. The formulation is based on the concept of material balance of goods and sectors, and technological input-output relationship.

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This study first analyzed the development of waste and waste water treatment and disposal system in Tokyo and Taipei. Based on statistic data, Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) were used for quantifying Nitrogen flow from food supply to emission to air, water and soil. First per capita per day protein supply from Food supply and utilization yearbook of Japan and Taiwan were used for calculation of per capita per day Nitrogen supply. Then MFA was used for calculating material flow of kitchen waste and human waste in waste and waste water treatment and disposal system. Next, emission from waste and waste water treatment and disposal system to air, water and soil was determined by statistic data and literature review. Finally, use the Nitrogen concentration in each material in the system, the Nitrogen flow was calculated. The result shows that the input of Nitrogen in Tokyo and Taipei gradually increased, and most Nitrogen were emitted as human waste into surface water. But with increase of incineration of waste and treatment of waste water, more and more Nitrogen were converted into gas, emitting into air. Waste compost and Kitchen waste as feeding stuff also help Taipei to recycle Nitrogen instead of emitting to surface water.

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In recent years, there has been a pressing need to address the decrease of fresh water resources. Quantitative recognition for water resources and human water consumption are necessary to achieve this aim. The Watershed Environmental Capacity of Water Resource factor was analyzed based on the estimated amount of available water resources in comparison to the amount of human water consumption. The amount of available water resources was computed from the amount of precipitation that penetrated into the water table. And, the fluctuation of Environmental Capacity of Water Resource was calculated in Lake Biwa-Yodo River basin and Yamato River basin.

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In recent years, frequency of flood occurrence has been increasing all over the world because of global climate since 1990s as one of the reasons. In Kochi Prefecture. amount of precipitation has been changing irregularly and widely, and number of disasters has increased since 1994. There were two heavy downpours in Kochi prefecture after 1994. The cause of unusual heavy downpour is not contingent phenomenon but rather drastic global climate change. The total amount of damage caused by the downpour in Kochi City in 24^th September 1998 was about 68billion yen. Flood control project cost about 33 billion yen was carried out by the government grants to change the year probability of occurrence from 1/30 years to 1/50 years at Kokubu River. The rainfall data from 1994 to 2005 were compiled andanalyzed to know the fluctuation tendency and evaluated the year probability of occurrence. According to the result of analysis and evaluation, 1/50 years probability of occurrence found to be occurred in 1/20 years. As a result. it can be said that the safety of flood control has fell down and potentiality of flood occurrence has been increased at Kokubu River.

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Bamboo used to be a part of peoples' daily lives. Since high economic growth period, however bamboo has been used less frequently As a result, bamboo excessively grows up, and bamboo forest is not well maintained. Aiming at getting bamboo back in our daily lives, we initiated “Roman _??_” project with the Japan designer school.
In proceeding this project, we generate the following hypotheses:
1. industries may do activies at the expense of natural environment;
2. students are gradually forgetting gratefulness for environment because of pursuing a convenient way of life and
3. burden on environment is gradually increasing, which it is leading to the destruction of environment.
We thought it is important to improve relationship among students, industries and environment for conservation of natural environment in Kochi.
Objective of “Roman _??_” project is to use bamboo to protect the natural environment. Roman _??_ has two significances. First, through this project, we expect to create wonderful and romantic ties with people whom we have never met. Second, we regard bamboo as a symbol of rich resources in Kochi Emphasiiing that bamboo would bring the romantic ties with people, we use the Chinese character of “_??_” in the project name and pronounce it as “tic” so that “Roman _??_” project is called Romantic project.
Roman _??_ dome provides comfortable space with pliant bamboo. Shape and size of the dome can be flexibly changed to various types of events. All the time the dome give us its new feature.
Until now, we exhibited illuminated dome at the campus of Kochi University of Thchnology and “the presentation event of we are doing these activities at Monobe river basin”. Furthermore, we exhibit the dome at Kochi Prefectural Museum of History and T-shirt-Art Exhibition.

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The principal author joined many activities which consider environment of Monobe river in Kochi prefecture for this year. As compared with a river in his home town with poor environmental conditions, Monobe river looked much better. Through much participation in the activities, however, the author realized Monobe river had also many problems. Since it is found that many people are working on these problems, the author started a research of garbage problem in Monobe river.
Although many people join cleanup activities of Monobe river, few young people voluntarily join cleanup activities. Young people's voluntary participation in cleanup activities is vital to solving the garbage problem. Therefore, the authors focused on publicity.
In this paper, the authors try to convert publicity in which information is sent in one-way into public relations in which two-way communication is designed. Focusing on a method of sending the information and feed backing from receivers, as a measure to achieve these public relations, the authors suggested environmental education program for elementary school students who will create future.

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Prices of wood have fallen since the import price of foreign wood fell in Japan. It caused a decline of management will of forestry managers. Consequently, forest desolation progresses. People are anxious about the decline of the function of forests and outbreak of natural disasters, etc. In Kochi, in order to preserve the forest by all people of the prefecture, the forest ecotax was introduced from fiscal 2003.
After introduction of the tax, consciousness of residents of the prefecture towards forest management has been enhanced, but it is not sufficient yet.
In this research, the authors did literature surveys and interviews, identified and analyzed problems, and proposed their solutions. The first proposal is collaboration and cooperation from the silviculture workers and Kochi prefecture with volunteers to increase the opportunities and amount of volunteer activities. The second proposal is active disclosure of information on volunteers' activities. These measures are expected to bring effects of better understanding of the forest ecotax and raising concerns with forest by residents of the prefecture. Through these effects, the authors hope that development and management of forests through active participation by residents of a prefecture will be promoted.

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Purpose of this study is to identify the aquatic environment and method of mitigating the endangered species of aquatic plants such as Nuphar oguraense and Sparganium japonicum in the Okuda river. This study also try to propose the model of conserving two endangered species.A series of field survey has been carried out to find out the relation between water quality and habitat of aquatic plants. Questionnaires survey was carried out to identify the awareness and consensus of people living in the watershed. This study suggests the following two points.
1) The endangered species of Sparganium japonicum can be found only in the area where groundwater springs flow out at the bottom of river channel.
2) It is necessary to create the institutional framework of managing the biotope with two endangered species by the people living there.

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