Three sets of equations (Takahashi and coauthors, Shen and coauthors, and Alcamo and coauthors) were validated and intercompared that were used to project future domestic and industrial water withdrawal in earlier publications on global water resources assessments. First, using historical socio-economic data, retrospective domestic and industrial water withdrawal were simulated and validated. Then, using future socio-economic scenario, future domestic and industrial water withdrawal were projected and intercompared. The results show that the equations proposed by Alcamo and coauthors projected larger domestic water withdrawal and lower industrial water withdrawal than others, while the equations proposed by Shen and coauthors projected the opposite, and the discrepancy between them was too large to neglect in global water resources assessments. The major uncertainty was found in the estimation of the peak of per capita domestic water withdrawal in developing countries, and the response of specific requirement of industrial water withdrawal to the economic growth.

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In this research, by using the composite particulate produced by the titanium dioxide and the ferrite was able to show experimentally that purification and sterilization of water are possible, and that the composite particulates concerned were collected easily and could be further re-used at the time of a treatment end. The Fe-Ti composite was able to prevent the outflow from a reaction system, with the reaction activity as a particulate maintained. From this result, the method of enabling reuse of a particulate was establishable. The COD removal rate was 60% and sterilization of a coliform group was 100% in 3 hours. This method could be operated with solar energy and a photocatalyst (since it is a catalyst, it is not resource consumption), and it was able to be estimated easily that a maintenance was also a cheap water-treatment system. we think that construction costs are suitable for practical use in the country which, of course, cannot secure control-of-maintenance cost, either, an area, or an area it is uneconomical to build a water service institution like a developing country.

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This paper describes the quantitative analysis of landslide on mountainous region of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan using the records of pervious landslide data along the road network. It determines the landslide susceptibility of an area using the Certainty Factor Model (CF) and uses SINMAP model to indicate Stability Index (SI) and susceptibility classes in GIS application. The affecting parameters such, as lithology, slope angle, slope aspect, elevation, land use and rainfall are derived and spatial database was established. The CF value that was used as GIS attributes to integrate the parameters by summation indicated it is certain that landslide will occur along sandstone and shale area with CF value of 0.38.The slope of 20°-30° had high certainty and slope facing northwest and west showed high certainty for landslide as area unexposed to sun have lower temperature and higher soil moisture which are favorable for landslide occurrence. The land use indicated higher certainity of landslides in barren land with grasses and the rain parameter indicated that certainity increases with an increase of rainfall intensity. The integration of the geomorphological parameters in SINMAP model along with the landslide data indicated the relation between contribution area and the slope. The failure slope range indicated by SINMAP model agreed with that of the CF model. The generated susceptibility class map showed similar trend while comparing with the actual landslide data of the area and also indicated the susceptibile area similar to that with CF model.

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Extreme precipitation is forecasted by climate projection model with effect of global warming. The slope hazards are caused by extreme precipitation in the future. It is necessary to evaluate higher dangerous regions by the spatialtemporal distribution for risk mitigation. We made the risk maps of the slope hazard in JAPAN by using climate projection model (MRI-RCM2OVer.2;SRES A2 and MIROC; SERES A 1B) and digital geographic information data. We evaluated slope hazard risks about present, Near-future climate and Future climate. The risk indexes are slope failure probability and economic damage on each land use. As a result, high risk areas are Hokkaido, Toyama pref, Ishikawa pref, Fukui pref and Hyogo pref because over 10billion economic damage extend due to climate change.

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To clarify the sediment dynamics at the Fukiage Beach which is located in the southwestern part of Awaji island in west Japan, cluster analysis for the aerial photograph were carried out. And the amount of blown sand were estimated using by the monthly prevailing wind direction and the mean wind speed. Main results are as follows;(1) The sediment dynamics at the Fukiage beach has been in equilibrium in past 36 years.(2) The mean wind speed is 2.5 - 3.0 m/s in the vicinity of the Fukiage beach. The wind direction was stood out north and south in winter and summer, respectively.(3) The sediment which diameter is 0.1mm or less, can't be transported under the mean wind speed.

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Nutrient's over-enrichment has resulted in major changes in the coastal system of Mikawa Bay. One important factor which affects eutrophication is decrease of the area of tide land, caused by the change of land use in coastal area. This study examines, by using an eutrophication model with benthic system, to what extent water quality in Mikawa Bay can be improved with the tideland. The benthic system consists of the five state variables of benthic alga, meiobenthos, suspension feeder, deposit feeder and bacteria. Obtained results are summarized as follows:(1) the model simulation acceptably well reproduced seasonal variations of the benthic variables in Mikawa Bay, (2) changes of water qualities by nutrient-reduction scenarios, with and without the benthic system, were analyzed and contribution of the benthic system to decrease of chlorophyll-a concentration was quantitatively evaluated, and (3) the tideland in Mikawa Bay was estimated to be worth, at its largest, 30% reduction of the T-N (total nitrogen) input caused by sediment resuspension.

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An early diagenesis model was developed and utilized to compare the material cycling characteristics of the sediment in aspects of the oxygen consumption, carbon, nitrogen, manganese, iron and sulfate at two measurement sites, Tategami and Takonobori, in Ago Bay, Japan.
The model is a one dimensional vertical transport. The biogeochemical reactions in the model consist of primary and secondary reactions. The primary reaction describes the organic matter degradation, and the secondary reaction describes the reaction of reduced species produced by the primary reaction.
In general, the model could reproduce most of the vertical concentration profiles of materials observed at those two measurement sites. The supplied particulate organic matter to the sediment surface is 14.69 mmol C/m²/day for both sites. The result shows that oxic respiration and sulfate reduction are dominant at Tategami, while sulfate reduction is dominant at Takonobori. We also found that sediment at Takonobori consumed less oxygen than at Tategami due to the release of dissolved organic matter from the sediment, which is transported mostly by irrigation process.

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A porous fence made of activated carbon fiber (ACF) has been developed to reduce high NO₂ concentration at the roadside of heavy traffic. Polluted air over the road moves with natural wind to contact with and to flow through the ACF layer, and then the ACF removes NOx from the dirty air. This idea of “energy-free” equipment for air pollution reduction is proposed and numerically evaluated. Two important parameters on the ACF fence are identified as the resistance to the air flow and the chemical reactivity for NOx removal. With these two parameters varied, the performance of double fences along the road and single fence set on the lee side of the road is investigated. Obtained results show:(1) for the double fences, large resistance of the fences to the air flow is rather preferable for effective reduction of ambient NOx concentration, because this large resistance enhances contact of polluted air over the road with the ACF fence on the upwind side, (2) for the single fence, on the other hand, small registance of the fence is better for the NOx removal, and (3) fmally, the ACF fences are shown to be able to reduce ambient NOx by more than 30% without excess energy use.

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Effect of urban growth in Jakarta on temperature rise at the originally urbanized area (old city area) was investigated using a meso scale meteorological model. After the validation of the model performance using observational data, calculation of the local meteorology in dry season was carried out based on the land use data for 1970s and 2000s presumed from the population density data. Calculated results showed that 1) the averaged daytime and maximum temperatures at the old city area in 2000 were 0.6°C and 0.9°C higher than those in 70s due to the advection of heat released from the surroundings. 2) The amount of advected heat under the weak sea breeze condition for the old city area was -0.7 [W/m²] in 70s and 77 [W/m²] in 2000, respectively.

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Climate change would apprehend the risk of flood in lowland area due to sea-level rise. In order to consider various adaptation plans against floods, and estimate the floodamages, it is impottant to estimate the area, population, and land use. Thus, the GIS-based analysis of flood area was developed in this study for the ten river basins selected in this study. However, the geographic information had to be re-edited for each river basin, because they had been provided for each administrative area. Then, the flood simulations were carried out using the level flood method for the 10 coastal plain in Japan. As a result of this reseatth, population and land use were summed for the flooded area, and major three features of the basins were extracted through this research.

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The changes in intensity and pattern of rain fall and sea-level rise are projected due to climate change. The risks of river floods and inundations may increase due to these effects of climate change. In this study, a method for estimating the future risks of river flood and inundation was developed based on a general numerical model, in which the future river flood discharge was calculated by a climate scenario using the transfer function method. It was applied in Naka and Kuji rivers areas in Ibaraki, Japan, and revealed that the maximum inundation area will not change much because rain fall will not change in these areas but the rate of inundation during the flood will accelerate.

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We investigated changes in Asian sea wind and wave climate during July-October under global warming conditions. To do this, we used an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) configured with the horizontal resolution of T106 to carry out 11-yr time-slice experiments with the boundary condition of 6 different sea surface temperature (SST) fields. It was found that surface wind speeds under present climate simulated by our AGCM are the same as surface wind speeds of the JRA-25 reanalysis. The 3^rdgeneration wave model was driven to estimate wave parameters. It was found that changes in tropical cyclone activity due to warmer future SST conditions cause more occurrences of high-height, long-period, and northward significant waves in south of Japan. In the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea, more occurrences of high-height and long-period significant waves were found for all future SST conditions.

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Japan has large low-lying land on the coasts, in which large population and assets are accumulated. In the areas, inundation risks by storm surges are increased by sea level rise and typhoon strengthening due to the global warming. For estimating such risks, the author built up numerical models that describe probability of storm surge hitting, overtopping seawall and inundation in low-lying land. The model also covers Kuyshu region. Then, using the models, the author estimated inundation areas and inundated population corresponding to changes of sea level rise and of storm tide. According to the calculation, as sea level rise and storm tide increase, the inundation area and inundated population rather linearly increase. And also the result shows that the low-lying lands at North West part of Kyusyu, Kitakyusyu region, Suoh-Nada side, Beppu Bay side, South part of Miyazaki, Satsuma Peninsula have high storm surge inundation risks.

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The authors developed an impact function with two explanatory variables (change in annual mean temperature and changc in annual precipitation) for each prefecture of Japan in order to give a simple estimation of the impact of climate change on the potential distribution of Buna (Fagus crenata) forests. The impact function predicts that areas suitable for Buna forests will not shrink in response to a temperature increase of less than 2°C in Hokkaido, Gunma, and Nagano prefectures. However, if the temperature increases more than 2°Cand there is no increase in the amount of precipitation, the areas suitable for such forests will decrease in those prefectures. In Tohoku, Hokuriku, and San-in districts, the areas suitable for Buna forests cover a comparatively large area. In these districts, though climate change will cause a decrease in the areas suitable for Buna forests, a relatively large amount of suitable land will still remain. In contrast to this situation, the suitable areas in coastal prefectures along the Pacific Ocean will be drastically reduced with even a slight increase in temperature.

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Climate change impacts and the effects of adaptation policies to these impacts in the near future on paddy rice production in Asia were quantitatively assessed in comprehensive consideration of uncertainties in future climate predictions by using a large number of general circulation models with the risk assessment method. It was shown that changes in planting date and variety can reduce by 87% the risk of a production decrease for Asia. Expansion of paddy rice areas had a larger effect of risk reduction than expansion of irrigated areas for Asia and most Asian countries. Expansion of irrigated areas had a large effect of risk reduction for countries with a dry climate such as India and Pakistan. These results provide valuable information for deliberating the implementation of adaptation policies.

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Atoll islands with low-lying and little resource have high vulnerability against the sea-level rise due to the global warming. The countermeasures concerning the future land maintenance against the sea-level rise should be considered immediately. However, the studies on the quantitative information or numerical models of atoll island changes are quite few. Thus, in this study, measurement of beach profiles in Laura islet located in the western part of Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands were carried out on the same profiles which were measured in 1997 and 1998 by SOPAC. Comparing our measurement results with the previous SOPAC's profiles revealed the quantitative profile changes during the last decade: from 1997 to 2007. It also revealed that the lagoonal coastline in Laura islet were stable in the last decade except some coast lines. We also reproduced these profile changes by the numerical model which was developed in this study based on longshore sediment transport system. The results of numerical calculation and the measured geographical changes showed a good agreement.

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For low-carbon society, it is necessary to set a political target for CO₂ reduction from commuter traffic and to introduce the new system for realizing the target. In this paper, Baumol-Oates tax is picked up as one of the social technologies for CO₂ reduction, and a new operational urban model is proposed for the management of land-use and transport demand in a city. These model parameters are estimated in Nagoya Metropolitan area and it is cleared how to manage land-use and transport demand in order to realize the target for CO₂ reduction. As the result of this analysis, it is shown that 1) transport cost is especially increased in suburb, 2) many households move to the city center and 3) in city center, land price is increased and utility of workers in city center is decreased.

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In Japanese intercity transport sector, deregulation policies are improving transport service and it is increasing transport demand, so that the CO₂ emission form this sector is increasing. Forward low-carbon society, it is necessary to set a target for the reduction of CO₂ emission in this sector, and it is important to introduce transport policies for achieving the target for reduction of CO₂ emission. In this study, we discussed domestic tradable permits in the intercity transport sector as one of the transport policies for demand-side management. In the first part of this paper, we propose an impact assessment model for introducing domestic tradable permits in this sector. In the latter part of this paper, the regional impacts of introducing domestic tradable permits in the Japanese intercity transport sector are cleared by using this impact assessment model calibrated in Japan.

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In this study, we developed an integrated model to provide a long-term perspective and a quantitative basis for analyzing the GHG emissions in agriculture for 23 world regions. The main objective is to quantify the relative importance of major emissions resources. In the result, world total meat production will increase by 1.9 times from 2000 to 2030 with population growth and a gradual shift from the main staples to meat products, particularly in the developing counties. The factor analysis showed GHG emissions increases mainly depending on growth of population, food production per capita and fertilizer consumption.

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We simulate CO₂ emissions from global iron and steel sector until 2050 in the case of no political intervention. In this study, we project future economic activity level of each country/region by macro economic model. And we estimate production of all country/region simultaneously by international trade model which considers domestic and international market equilibrium. And we simulate CO₂ emissions by technology bottom-up type model. As a result, global steel production is projected to be 2324 Mt in 2050. And CO₂ emissions are projected to be 3717 MtCO₂ in 2050 which is an increase by 2044MtCO₂ from year 2000. In that case, CO₂ reduction from technology fixed case, which means reduction by technologies change, is estimated to be 1360MtCO2. It is also shown emission growth in China and India during 2000-2050 accounts for 75% of world emission growth in the same period.

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Recent years, with rapid economic development, Chinese government could not meet the continually growing demand for services alone. It is estimated that in the 11^th five-years (2006-2010), total 660 billion RMB are necessary for urban environmental infrastructures. Under such circumstance, Chinese government began to promote Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) model for allowing the private sector to participate in providing public services, which aims to attract private investment, improve efficiency of public services through market and competition mechanisms and create new jobs and new service industries, thereby promoting economic growth. SWOT analysis was implemented for countermeasures on promoting BOT model in UEI projects. A SWOT Matrix, in which the SO, ST, WO, WT strategic alternatives available indentified, was developed. The results shows, development of detailed and operational guidelines and a special law for promoting PPP, increase collection rate, rise of treatment and disposal fees and well planning for avoiding waste of investment and increase of utilizing rate of facilities etc. were considered as most important countermeasures for promoting BOT projects in China.

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In recent years, revitalization of urban central zone and proceeding of compactness of cities are urgently required in local cities. On this process, aiming at improvement in a living environment is necessary with redevelopment of urban central zone. Therefore, mitigation of urban heat environment is one of the most significant issues. Therefore, in this study, urban heat environment structure at the central part of Toyota city was studied. Firstly, fine land cover information was classified by utilizing the data obtained from the higher-resolution satellite image (IKONOS). Secondary, the relationship between land cover and brightness temperature obtained from LANDSAT ETM+ was verified by regression analysis. Finally, in order to mitigate the heat environment, simulation by the regression model was accomplished by greenplanting based on the greenery planning of Toyota city. In conclusion, the effectiveness of fine land cover information to the analysis of urban heat environment was shown in this study.

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