Wood utilization gives economic motivation to afforestation and reforestation. It also activates carbon absorption of a forest through timber production by sustainable forest management. Increasing the carbon stock in long-lived wood products is equivalent to afforestation in the sense of carbon dioxide reduction in atmosphere. In our trial calculation, carbon stock in buildings in Japan increased by 4.6 Mt-C in 1996. Wood products need less processing energy compared to other energy intensive products like steel or concrete. Then to build a wooden structure acquires less energy than RC structures etc., If wooden structures could substitute other structures of under 3 storied ones, carbon emission to construct buildings in 1996 would decrease by 3.46 Mt-C. To promote the energy recycling of wood products can reduce the consumption of fossil fuel. The amount of 18.23 Mm3 wood wastes were burnt and land-filled uselessly in 1991. Energy recycling of this could reduce the carbon emission from fossil fuel by 2.28 Mt-C.

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In Japan, there are various kinds of forests. All regions of Japan have rich forests and these forests have contributed to the life of people and industry. Furthermore, the forests of Japan are expectedto contribute to the environment of the earth. We should establish a new forest policy to promote the functionof forests, that is, extention of multistoried forests, sustainable forests management system on forest water basin and model forests for connecting of forests and society.

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Film-solarimeters were deployed to measure the spatial distribution and the seasonal variation of the amount of solar radiation in a broadleaf deciduous forest in a cool-temperature zone. The experimental field is located in Takayama City in the central part of Japan and the forest floor is covered mainly withdwarf bamboo (Sasa senanensis Rehd). The films were placed on and under the floor vegetation at ninety points over an area of 0.72 ha and were replaced at two-week intervals from April to November, 1998. This new method worked well when the mean daily temperature ranged between 8 and 20 degrees. The haracteristics of the light environment, which govern the amount of carbon fixation into the floor stratum in the forest, were related with topography, leaf phenology of the tree species and vegetation.

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This study aims to apply Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for large scale mapping of leaf area index (LAI) using NOAA data. We collected satellite data of three seasons, climate data, vegetation data, and land use data. The main results are summarized as below.
(1) A comparison of monthly NDVI and leaf phenological phase for some forests was conducted to examine the applicability of the method using remote sensing data. Monthly NDVI was presented to demonstrate their utility for monitoring vegetation seasonal dynamics and unfolding periods by using warmer index (WI).
(2) Monthly LAI map in Japan was made on a threshold value and seasonal change of NDVI. The threshold value of NDVI should be modified by collecting and analyzing further data in the future.

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Two climatological AGCM (Atmospheric General Circulation Model) simulations are performed using with actual vegetation distribution (AVD) or potential vegetation distribution (PVD) as boundary conditions. The AVD data are obtained by the NOAA-AVHRR NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) datasets (Kajiwara, et.al.). And the PVD data are obtained with natural vegetation models and climatological atmospheric datasets (Box, et.al.). It is found that the moisture amount in the atmosphere simulated with PVD increases compared with the moisture amount simulated with the AVD. The soil wetness simulated with the PVD, which indicates the desert, is more moist than the soil wetness with AVD, which indicates the grassland, at the rim of the Sahara Desert region. On the other hand it is occurred as a problem that the moisture condition with PVD, which indicates the desert, near the surface becomes dry against the conditionwith AVD, which indicates the grassland at the Central Asia. They suggest following 2 possibilities. 1) The model resolution may not be enough to represent correct water transport by subgrid-scale baroclinic turbulence. 2) It seems necessary to include an interaction among the vegetation, atmosphere and ocean.

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The natural environmental investigations were carried out on the source of Yoshimo river and its basin. At the beginning, the method of natural environmental investigation was simply represented. In this report, in particular, the authors clarify the true character of source of Yoshino River. Moreover, based on the date of chemical analysis about water qualitities of source zone of Yoshino River and natural water in its basin and Shikoku area areshown, and the real condition of water environment in the water system of Yoshino River is discussed.

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Snow-melt run-off during thaw causes a large amount of material transport in the river of snow-covered region. We investigated the characteristics of material transport along the main stream of Mogami River from the analysis of the distribution of SS, T-N, T-P and the material transport flux. The distribution of SS, T-N and T-P are obtained by sampling river water. The material transport flux was computed by using the remote sensing data of NOAA/AVHRR.
Dynamic model on the SS concentration by using the equilibrium between erosion and deposition explain the characteristics of observations. The source of SS and T-P is the river bed of the main stream and the source of T-N is the basin.

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Heavy rain that began to fall from the beginning of August 26, 1998 wasespecially intense in the boundary region of Fukushima and Tochigi Prefectures. The total rainfall in six days reached more than 1200mm. This paper deals with the runoff analysis in the Abukuma River basin for this rain. The model based on the channel network with the mesh size of 500m and the kinematic wave approximation for the dircct runoff component was applied. The comparison between analysis and observation in the discharge gives the runoff rate of 0.73 which is about twice for the usual floods in the basin. The long duration of the previous rain is supposed to affect the high efficiency of the runoff.

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In this report, the presait authors discussed on the coastal pollution by drifted garbage. The field investigations were carried out at the seashore-lines in Sakishima Islands (Okinawa), Izu. shichi Islands (Tokyo), Sagami and Tokyo bay (Kanagawa and Chiba). The type and classification of drifted garbage were investigated. It was pointed out from the results of field investigations that the coastal pollution by the drifted garbage was very important environmental problem in Japan.

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Field measurements of chlorophyll concentration and other water quality indexes are carried out for several times in Mikawa Bay, one of eutrophyic inner bays. The data are compared with LANDSAT TM data and the possibility of remote sensing from satellite images is discussed. An algorithm is proposed for the prediction of chlorophyll concentration, where bands 1 and 3 are used and atmospheric correction is made by considering effects of aerosol concentration.

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For satellite remote sensing of coastal pollution, a radiative transfer model for a coupled atmosphere-ocean system was developed to estimate upward radiance from polluted sea surface. Optical properties of suspended materials in ocean such as phytoplankton (Skeletonema costatum and Heterosigma akashiwo), detritus, submicron particles and inorganic particles were measured or estimated. The equation of radiative transfer in the coupled atmosphere-ocean system was solved by using Invariance imbedding method. Upward radiance from sea surface in case II water, flowage of soil particles and red tide were calculated. It is, then, possible to estimate the soil particle and the red tide phytoplankton concentration by using the ratio of upward radiance in different wavelengths in satellite remote sensing.

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NOAA data and vegetation index NDVI have been used to estimate the flood area and volume in Changjiang river catchment during July and August flood period in 1998. Also these data have been used to estimate turbidity distributions in East China Sea and it was found that fresh water from Changjiang river reached to the coast of Kyushu and Japan Sea after August flood in 1998. The interaction between Changjiang catchment and East China Sea will be the important issue for the environmental management of coast sea in Japan and for the environmental security.

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An urban heat island phenomenon is feared for raising a peak of energy demand in summer. Therefore, effective countermeasures against this phenomenon are desired to improve not only local environment but also global environment. In our previous study, a three-dimensional numerical model to simulate this phenomena was developed in Nagoya city and its suburbs, and the good performance of this model were confirmed by comparison of numerical results with in-situ data. The purpose of this study is to evaluate some measures against the heat island phenomenon for protecting the thermal environment in Nagoya City and its suburbs by using the numerical model. In this study, four measures are considered: one is to conserve energy demand, to whiten roofs, and two other measures are to plant trees and grass/vegetation on roofs. Numerical experiments are carried out with and without each measures, and the space and temporal variations of the surface air temperatures and heat fluxes are compared with each other. From the simulated results, the effects and characteristics of each measures are described and evaluated.

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Urban heat island is energy consuming environmental problems, for which heated pavement or roof has an important roll. In this study, water sustainable ceramic roof material made from industrial wastes and its characteristics are presented. Effects of reductions of sensible heat transfer, heat stress to the indoor and energy consumption are evaluated. Furthermore, it is suggested that dew formation during the night have a possibility to be main water sources with the underlying fundamentals sucked through the material.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate domestic wastes management policy scenarios for reduction of CO₂ emissions in the Tokyo 23 wards area. The simple model of domestic wastes management system in this area were constructed, and CO₂ emission from the system were estimated. Using this model, the policy scenarios including low emission vehicles, RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) and disposer system, were evaluated. Among these three policy options, disposer system has much effects for its reduction because of high recovery rate of carbon sources in waste incineration plants and in sewage treatment plants. Installing this system to all over the area, it brings about 1.8% reduction of total CO₂ emission of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. Introducing low emission vehicles for garbage trucks has positive, but small impact for its reduction. Clear positive impact was not seen in the scenarios of RDF systems.

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The reduction of the environmental impacts from central districts is considered as an urgent global problem. A life-cycle assessment method has been applied in several empirical studies, while the interactive linkage of the estimation results with the strategy of societal policieshave been seldom investigated so far. In this study the frame for calculating the CO₂ emissions from urban development, which includes buildings and infrastructures, is established to analyze the characteristics of environmental impacts and to estimate the effects of environmental impact reduction method. Environmental impacts from urban activities are found as much larger than those from urban structures, and those from the inside of urban areas are much larger than those from the outside of urban areas. Not only direct methods such as saving energy and more efficient traffic system but also indirect methods such as modal shift and planned unit development are found to be effective for life cycle CO₂ reduction.

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This study aims at proposing and assessing a new policy to improve fuel efficiency of cars, which obligates us to equip personal cars with a fuel consumption gauge. At first field test was done in Tokyo metropolitan area to estimate fuel economy level of auto-matic cars with the gauge. The test shows that we can save about 7.4% of total fuel consumption in case of using cars with the gauge. Based on these results, economic expenditure of fuel consumption is estimated, which is compared with the cost of the gauge. The former merit is larger than the latter cost when we use cars more than ten years. In conclusion, a policy to obligate us to equip cars with the fuel consumption gauge for improving fuel efficiency of cars is effective and available.

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Transport energy consumption has expanded rapidly resulted from changing in urban structure and increasing in car ownership, which had been effected with complex from policies such as land use regulation and transportation facilities consolidation as well as changing social condition such as population/economic growth. This paper attempts to reveal those reciprocal relations by some statistical models constructed from comparing 1975 to 1992 data of Utsunomiya Urban Area person trip survey. The models basically consist of four sub-models: relationship between workplaces and residence places, relationship between residence places and car ownership, relationship between car ownership and travel behavior, relationship between travel behavior and energy consumption.

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It is presumed that the estimation of the urban renovation by strategic urban environmental improvement policies on districts and cities that precedes the estimation of individual products and structures will be questioned, so that environmental emissions estimation methods to lead such policies and supporting tools will be needed. This paper supplies a basic scheme of estimation system for life cycle environmental emissions caused by different planning scenarios and environmental improvement methods on the urban renovation process as its prototype system for preliminary simulation analysis. The system of high utility for mainly urban planners is developed to enable simple estimation on urban renovation projects. It is composed of four basic sub-systems, and life cycle estimation processes consist of seven stages from material production to demolition. As life cycle estimation indexes, CO₂ emissions and solid wastes, etc. that are most important as global andregional problems are taken up. The ultimate purpose of efforts in the future is to develop the system that be capable of making specific proposals for sustainable urban redevelopment projects and that can be applied to preparation of guidelines on urban environmental master plans and strategic environmental assessment, etc. inmunicipalities.

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Since Earth Summit, Some concepts about cyclic systems, such as an eco-industrial park, have been appeared in order to solve serious global environmental problem, surplus consumption of resources and problems of solid wastes. Construction of recycle-oriented regional industrial metabolism model with minimum environmental load requires resource conversion facilities. In addition, there are some promotion factors to make the model, which can improve the efficiency and supply and demand balance. In this study, various conversion facilities and sectors are selected by a set of judgement process of cycle formation. The followed environmental performance is evaluated using account matrix including sectors varing from neighborhood of a factory to city-wide area. As a result of the analysis, various important factors were recognized in considering comprehensive efficiency, environmental load by the transportation, and the usefulness of this account matrix towards further progressing the complex.

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Recently, issues of external diseconomies caused by automobiles have been a world-wide great concern. The diffusion policy of clean energy vehicle is expected to reduce the volume of automobile among some policy options. We try to evaluate the diffusion policy of clean energy vehicle with the dynamic computable general equilibrium model. In this model, the learning effects of manufacturing clean energy vehicle industry and the measurement of externality regulatory benefits by diffusing clean energy vehicles are considered. In case studies, we cleared that the diffusion policy is effective for decreasing externalities, and the twice social net benefit is generated by providing the subsidy.

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In developing countries, increase of energy consumption by rapid economic growth has caused large emission of air pollutants and greenhouse gases. It is necessary to take a measure for appropriately managing the atmospheric environment in these countries. In this study, we aim at developing the Atmospheric managing system to provide the useful information for the simultaneous control of both air pollutants and greenhouse gases. As the first step, we estimated an air pollutant emission inventory in China.

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Nepal is one of the least developed countries in the world. Environmental pollution and its influence on humane health are the growing concern of national health planners. The purpose of this study was to examinethe relationship between the resource use and environmental perception of inhabitants, and to discuss the environmental sustainability in Nepal. We carried out a preliminary study on environmental pollution and a questionnaire survey in three districts, Kathmandu, Mustang, and Rupandehi, which were selected with a consideration of geographical, ecological and urban-rural conditions in the country. Environmental concentrations and personal exposure levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured by using small passive air samplers/gas tubes, and drinking water quality was examined by a portable test-kit. Using questionnaire, we collected information for a total of 585 persons through local interviewers on residential conditions, agricultural activity, environmental conditions, health effect, and attitude toward environmental sustainability. We found that the environmental concentrations and personal exposure levels of NO₂ and total VOCs differed by regions, reflecting the different type of emission sources. Although the levels were generally lower than the international guideline, the indoor levels of NO₂ and total VOCs were commonly higher in three districts than outdoor levels. Some of the samples from the potable water sources in urban area were unexpectedly contaminated with a high level of nitrate. Analysis of the response to questionnaire indicated marked regional differences in subjects' environmental perception and focus on the major environmental problems.

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Arsenic-contaminated groundwater has been found in 59 districts (as of January 1999) out of a total of 64 districts in Bangladesh where almost all drinking water is supplied from groundwater. The cause of arsenic contamination of groundwater is not clear yet, and it is estimated that about 40 million people are at risk of arsenic poisoning accordingly. The arsenic-free water supply system is, therefore, urgently needed in Bangladesh. Since March 1997 we have been investigating the causes of the arsenic contamination in groundwater and developing arsenic-free water supply systems by using the water in ponds, namely, a Pond Sand Filter system (“PSF” hereafter) in Samta village of Jessore district, which we have chosen as a model village for our research. Prior to the construction of PSF, arsenic, though at low levels, was found in the half of the ponds surveyed. PSF was completed at the end of January 1999. This paper shows the results of our investigations on arsenic pollution of pond water together with that of groundwater and the quality of the treated water by PSF.

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This paper attempts to review the history of economic development, environmental changes and policy responses to cope with the problems since the 1960s in the three East Asian countries: Japan, Korea and China. According to the DPSER (Driving force-Pressure-State-Effect-Response) analysis framework, relevant indicators are collected and compared, and then the similarities and differences among the three countries in the causes and mechanisms of environmental changes are discussed. Special focus is given to the comparison of such factors as the industrial development and structural changes, air and water pollution in cities, environmental damages, and the improvement of urban infrastructures. The uniqueness of the causes and environmental policy measures in each country is also discussed.

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The rapid development of some developing regions such as the Guangdong province in the south China has drawn much attention from various fields. The urban sprawl in such an area results in the rapid rural-urban land use conversion so that the previous small town has been evolved to a middle city containing more than a million of people. Further, because of its proximity to Hong Kong and Macao, the huge foreign investment increased the industrialization in the Guangdong province. In addition, with the improvement of income and living standard in previous years, the motor vehicles have been increasing. This research aims to meet this urgent need to comprehensively study the consequences of the rapid economic development from the viewpoint of the global environment. Such a study is profitable for the global and local environment as well as to the local economic development.

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This study attempts to evaluate socio-economical impacts due to consumption of resources and energy with rapid industrialzation in East Asia by means of Environmental Accounting System and to discuss about sustainable industrial transformation. Firstly, we highlighten the basin of Chang Jiang and Pearl River with Open Economic Zones in Coastal Delta and Backward Basins in China. In addition, we look into the regional and industrial profiles of both basin -especially Shanghai and Guangzhou through statistics data. Secondly, we calculate environmental load (i. e. Carbon dioxide and Sulfur oxide) induced by inter-transaction of goods and services in Shanghai and Guangzhou by using the accouting system.

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Air pollution transport over the Central Japan was numerically simulated in a typical land and sea breeze situation in summer season. The models used in the calculation were extensions of those described in Kitada et al.(1993) and (1998). Sensitivity of the production of ozone and acidic species to emissions of biogenic nonmethan-hydrocarbon (NMHC), and anthropogenic-NMHC and -NOx were focussed; the ozone, sulfate, and nitrate are chemically produced in pollutants-rich air mass migrating from coastal big cities to central mountains. Some of the obtained results are as follows:(1) biogenic hydrocarbons could increase daily maximum ozone concentration as much as 20 ppb over the Nohbi and Kanto Plains, and (2) reduction of NOx emission by 20% may result in increase of the ozone concentration by a few percent to almost 20% over the Nohbi Plain, indicating necessity of careful emission control.

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Air at Fukui in 1993 was traced by Inverse-Trajectory method. Air at Fukui comes from China mainland from October to next May when Siberian anticyclone is superior. In July and August air comes fmm Pacific Ocean, while June and September comes from almost all directions. SO₂ load in East Asia was estimated by Akimoto et al. Using Eliassen's dispersion and chemical reaction formulae, origin of acid deposition to Fukui was estimated. Fukui is situated close to Japan Sea so that contribution of China mainland reaches up to 90%, but during the summer season no pollution comes from China. Not only artificial sources, but volcanoes discharge SO₂ in the air. In Kyushu Islands amount of SO₂ discharged is much more than artificial ones. Sakurajima, Aso and Suwanosejima are three main volcanoes whose SO₂ release affects the acid deposition at Fukui. In 1993, maximum portion of volcanic vent to the total acid deposition at Fukui was about 40%.

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Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN), measurement were made during the winter 1999 at Mt. Teine (1000m altitude) in Sapporo. Median concentration during February was 0.21ppb. Higher concentration >1.0ppb were sometimes observed with southerly wind and higher ozone concentrations. There was little difference between PAN concentration at Mt. Teine and surface concentration in Sapporo, which indicate wintertime PAN in Sapporo was not formed by local photochemistry. Results from concurrent measurements of aldehydes and ozone also indicate that variation of PAN during winter in Sapporo was regional in nature. From the results, we conclude at least during winter surface PAN measurement in Sapporo is a good indicator of photochemical state and long-range transport of polluted air mass in East Asia.

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In order to investigate the acidification of rain drops due to rainout (in cloud scavenging) of air pollutants, the characteristics of acidification of growing single cloud droplet due to condensation of the atmospheric water vapor and the rainout of SO₂ (g) are simulated numerically with use of a mathematical model. It is considered that growth of doud dnplet controls rainout of pollutants, although little is known about rainout compared with washout (below doud scavenging).(NH₄) ₂SO₄ is selected for the condensation nucleus, which is produced from NH₃ (g) and SO₂ (g) via gas-phase chemical reaction in the atmosphere. The mathematical model is constituted from the conservation equations, the state equation for ideal gas andthe equation of reactions. With use of the lumped model non-steady dropletradius, temperature and concentrations of chemicals are simulated Radus of solid-phase (NH₄) ₂SO₄, which forms the core of droplet, is reduced gradually with condensation of water vapor into droplet. The major driving force for droplet growth and the absorption of SO₂ (g) is the difference of the concentration of (NH₄) ₂SO₄ between droplet and water vapor, i. e., the use and fall of the droplet temperature, condensation of vapor and the absorption of SO₂ (g) are dependent on the existence of solid-phase (NH₄) ₂SO₄.

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The objective of this study is to develop a channel routing model to take into account the attenuation of runoff in channel networks of continental scale basins. Channel networks showing the flow direction of runoff, and the optimal routing order keeping the routing be carried out from upstream channels to downstream channels are derived from geographic information at 1-degree resolution. A distributed routing model using multi-step multi-reach Muskingum-Cunge scheme is newly developed and implemented. It is applied to major continental scale basins including Chang Jiang River and Mississippi River. The runoff over these basins are computed from ISLSCP data set by using XinAnJiang rainfall runoff model, and then routed to the hydrological stations along these rivers. The computed and observed hydrographs are compared. It is shown that the runoff concentration within channel networks of these basins take one to six months. This shows the importance of routing model in hydrological analysis of seasonal water and heat balance.

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The singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis is applied to examine relationship between lower-tropospheric temperature over the Eurasia continent and atmospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere for 30 years from 1967-1996. The cluster analysis using 5-days mean data is applied to detect the change of regime transition. The first mode of the temperature (SVD1) has amplitude in East Asia, the Scandinavian Peninsula and Polar region. The first mode of the atmospheric circulation is closely related to the teleconnection pattern known as PEA with decadal scale. The score time series of this mode shows climatic jump in winters of 1976/77, 1988/89. Similar interannual and interdecadal variabilities are appeared in the regime of 5-days mean as well. On the other hand, the second mode of temperature (SVD2) shows recent warming in the Eurasia continent. This atmospheric circulation mode is similar to the NA and NAO of the teleconnection pattern and seems to be connected strongly with the variability of the Iceland low than the Siberian high. Consequently, fluctuation of the recent lower-tropospheric temperature over the Eurasia continent is probably related with Polar low and atmospheric circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean region. It is found that NAO might play a role for the warming over the Eurasian continent by the isolating to two components; decadal-scale jump and increasing trend with different processes.

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Atmospheric concentrations of aerosol chemical species and SO2 have been measured at Tiksi, Yakutsk and Norilsk in Siberia from 1993. Concentrations of SO4^2-, Pb, Cu, Ni and V at Tiksi increase in winter and spring, and decrease in summer. Soil, moss and larch leaf samples were collected at Norilsk and Yakutsk, and soil samples at Tiksi. Concentrations of SO4^2-, Ni and Cu in the moss and larch leaf samples decreased with the distance from nickel and copper smelters in Norilsk. Moss and larch leaf, thus, can be used as bio-monitor of the air pollution. Concentrations of pollutants in the surface soil were higer than those in the soil 20-30cm below in Norilsk and Tiksi. It suggests that the long range transported atmospheric pollutants deposit on the surface and accumulate in the upper layer of permafrost in the Siberian Arctic.

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Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of bio-mass burning on tropospheric chemistry in Southeast Asia. Transport/transformation/deposition model for trace chemical species in semi-global scale (Kitada and Nishizawa, 1998) was used to simulate the severe fire events in September-October, 1994. Results were compared with vertical profiles of ozone observed at Kuala Lumpur and Watukosek, Java, and their agreements were generally good, though an unresolved gap between calculation and observation at Watukosek remained. Contributions of the bio-mass burning to the concentrations of several trace chemical species were also evaluated. This study means the first step to modeling work in the BIBLE project sponsored by NASDA.

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In this paper, the information sources of Cleaner Production (CP) technologies in WWW are introduced and the roles of communications by WWW are studied. CP is a continuous environmental strategy for preventing pollution applied to processes, products, and services to increase eco-efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment. The concept of CP aims for the environmental preservation and, frequently, the reduction of costs for pollution prevention. CP technology is contained to the quite simple techniques that needs little cost and skill, and the sophisticated technologies. Therefore, CP is very useful to small and medium-sized enterprises that preserve their environment as the first step and later.
Of course, technology transfer needs not only the information of the technology or technique before application but also the supports after application. However, to change enterprises into environmental conscious ones, the first and later opportunities for application of environmental strategy must be become more important. The Internet media must be used as these opportunity of technology transfer for environmental protection without regard to the inside or outside in the country. In addition, such systematic homepages as Internet users learn how to apply CP must be designed collecting and systematizing CP case studies in Japan.

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In 1992, authors organized ER committee to instituting basic Guideline for an Eenvironmental protection. Our committee is not only to institute but also taking very active role to perform according to our basic Guideline for an Eenvironmental protection. For example in Malaysia, we took a major role for a full-scale tropical rain forest reforestation program. And we encourge Greenpurchase activity throghout our company. By documenting our day to day Environmental activities, we were able to obtain ISO 14001 license in October 1998. From now on, we always concider to improve ourself and our systems about environment. We are pleased to report the details of our Eenvironmental protection activities.

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Environmental management system require continual improvement. However, manager cannot feedback to system improvement from lack of scope and accuracy assessment tool. Environmental Self-Assessment Program for ISO14001 operation is the assessment tool for environmental management system with the result of environmental audit and monitoring on system operation. This program can assess the level of environmental management system from 3categories of “System conformance”, “Environmental performance” and “System operation”. Manager can set up next step and direction of system.
This program can also judge the system's suitability, adequacy and effectiveness. Manager can get his priorities right, that makes ensure system improvement.

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A new evaluating method about the environment is necessary to promote the earth environment preservation though the economy is only one standard evaluation in many businesses. The evolution level of a plant succession is evaluated quantitatively and the correlation among the vegetation, the animal, and the microorganism is examined. With them, the ecosystem evaluation technique was investigated. The wild vegetation germinated and grown with the composts made from the vegetable materials in the road is planted in the spot where its seed was corrected. And its method was developed for the ecosystem restoration and the recycling.

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[in Japanese]

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The requirement for reclamation of the construction by-products is increasing as one of the serious problem of environmental pollution. Many trees in the mountains are felled during dam, residential land development, highway construction and so forth. These trees were burnt after felled in the spot until now. However, environmental pollution by increasing of CO₂ becomes a problem in all over the world. As the countermeasures, we have been studied bio-conversion technology of the felling wood. The bio-conversion technology, named as composting, is useful way to reclaim the wood to the soil amendment materials for the plants which consume CO₂ in the atmosphere for their growth.
In this report, we mention (1) optimal condition of pulverization procss of felling wood, (2) effectiveness of seed materials for the composting, (3) operational condition for fermentation, and (4) utile condition of the compost to apply as soil amendment materials.

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Consultants have the mission to supply quality social facilities for current and future generations, which can promote the global and local environmental conservation. Guidelines for their environmental conservatory action, therefore, should be based on the scientists' and engineer's ethics and also on environmental ones. Current engineers tend to make social facilities thinking that mass production, consumption and scrapping is somewhat valuable, however, those thinking should be altered to the Eco-Design-like one. Guidelines of consultants for environmental conservation must have suchenvironmental aspects shown below, in order to create the sustainable society with the closed loop system for Zero Emission:
Save energy, and application of the clean energy technologies.
Reduction of the global warming gases.
Promotion of planting as the sink of the carbon dioxide,
Construction of the social facilities with less environmental effects
Technology transfer to developing countries.
Environmental education.
We consultants should accept the challenge aforementioned.

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Movements against public works to save natural environments are now in fashion and a sort of environmental problem such as that observed in the Isahaya Bay reclamation project will repeatedly occur. We think that understanding their environmental thought which supports the movements will contribute to solution of friction between public works and actions to protect the natural environments. In this paper, we analyze a lot of objections to the Isahaya Bay reclamation project published in the three major newspapers from the viewpoint of the environmental thought by ethicists and philosophers in order to know the level of environmental ethics of general public.

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The importance of ethics education for engineers is emphasized in these days. The reason is that the way to look at social responsibility of engineers is now changing under the influence of global environmental problems. New ethics education requests that engineers have a sense of responsibility not only for activities in their fields but also for every social problem which the activitiesinduce in the future. In this paper, we describe the social responsibility of the engineers and professionalethics which civil engineers should reconsider, and conclude that the civil engineers should take responsibility for the ethics education of their own.

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A questionnaire survey was created to examine the main issues confronting Japanese companies engaging in and promoting environmental activities in developing countries. The questionnaires were mailed in June and July of 1998 to 491 companies and organizations. Of the total companies, 143 (29. 1%) replied. 45 companies (32% of the total replies) have been engaged in international environmental cooperation activities on a volunteer basis. Economic assistance were the most consistent demands (70%) made to the Japanese government in promoting such activities. 43 companies (30% of the total replies) have been engaged in environmental businesses overseas. 32% replies answered that outcomes have been almost as expected. 43% were thinking that it is not currently attractive, but may become so in the future. Especially for the question on the environmental business opportunities in developing countries, approximately 60% of the total companies displayed confidence in answering that they can be fully established (6%) or can be established to a certain extent (53%). About the question of whether the Japan's official economic cooperation is useful in operating environmental businesses in developing countries or not, only 2%, of the total companies answered that they are already utilizing them, and 46% were not sure.

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Under the assumption that the population problem, the food problem and global warming due to energy consumpution can be stabilized through managing land use, impacts of human activities such as consumpution of food, energy and timber on global environmental changes, and global population capacity are analyzed using a systemdynamics model deveroped in this reseach. In the model the world is divided into two groups: OECD conturies and the others. Used global land use date set is land cover map derived from satellite date, and potential distribution of arableland is estimated by the method of Cramer and Solomon which takes into consideration spatial distribution of climate date uch as precipitation and evapotransiration. In addition, impacts of carbon dioxide emisson from human activities on food production through global warming are included in the model as a feedback. The results of the analysis for both BaU scenario and Toronto Conference scenario are similar to the results of existing models. Improving spatial resolution of the model by using global date on distribution of environmental variables and socioeconomic indices is left for further stidies.

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Hazardous materials released by our industrial activities have been globally dispersed in the environment and finally taken up by humans through various pathways. In particular, the ingestion pathways are very important for evaluating the human health risks caused by the global low-level chronic contamination. In many cases, health risks caused by ingestion are evaluated for the average group with the average dietary habit, however, the dietary habit has variation with the living region and the job. Therefore, the health risks include some variation associated with this variation. In this study, Japanese dietary habit was statistically analyzed by using the annual report of the daily intake of food in many regions in Japan and the variation of the health risks by Japanese dietary habit was quantitatively analyzed using the mathematical model for the evaluation of the risk to the Japanese health caused by chronic global radioactive ¹³⁷Cs food contamination.

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The sliding safety factor of a breakwater in the deterministic wave and tidal level should be larger than 1. 2 in the present design method, but the safety degree may decrease due to the variation of the marine condition in global warming. The sliding failure probability of a breakwater during the life time can be evaluated by a reliability design method. The mean water rising may push up the sliding failure probability only in surf zone, where the incident wave height is proportional to the water depth. On the other hand, assuming the meteorologicaltide anomaly is related with the offshore wave height, the increase of the offshore wave height raises the sliding failure probability not only in deepwater but also in surf zone.

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