Three years have passed since Japan general contractors were awarded the ISO14001 certification in 1997for the first time in the country's building sector. Since then, the number of companies to be awarded with ISO14001 certification has increased drastically There are signs that the number of companies that will be awarded the certification following this 1997 will further increase considerably, with the focus not only on the general contractors but also on other sectors such as the sub-contractor sector This report attempts to introduce the effective implementation based on ISO 14001 and the matters and issues in the Japan building industries.

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Through viewing the current environmental management systems in civil engineering and construction, I described the subjects that ISO14001 could contribute to global envirronmantal problems furthermore from viewpoints of government agencies, construction companies and ISO 14001 system.

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The Environmental Performance Evaluation (EPE) which was published in 1999 as International Standard ISO 14031 is considered to be one of the effective measures to evaluate the organization's Environmental Management System (EMS). This paper presents a trend on EPE in the construction industry. This trend was researched by a questionnaire sent about 180 construction companies belonging to Japan Civil Engineering Contractors' Association, Inc.

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The Environmental Performance Evaluation (EPE) which was published in 1999 as International Standard ISO14031 is considered to be one of the effective measures to evaluate the organization's Environmental Management System (EMS). There are two types of indicators in the EPE. One is the Operational Performance Indicator (OPI), the other is the Management Performance Indicator (MPI). This paper presents the study of OPI and MPI in case of the construction companies.

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The Global Map is the effective tool for understanding current status of the global environment and taking measures for sustainable development. In November 1998, the United Nations recommended the heads of National Mapping Organizations to participate in Global Mapping Project. Until the March of 2000 the number of countries and regions participating in Global Mapping Project was seventy-seven. Target year of the Global Map first edition is 2000. Distribution of the Global Map will also be begun and Global Mapping Forum will be held in Hiroshima in November in this year.

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The aim of this study is to use the Global Map to develop a method for comprehensive assessment of impacts on natural environment and local economy, brought about by large-scale international infrastructure construction such as water resource projects. The following 3 scenarios are simulated and compared with each other for model verification. 1) Power dam has been constructed (actual case). 2) Dam has not been constructed. 3) Irrigation dam has been constructed (another type dam). In order to judge the difference among these scenarios in environmental impact and socio-economy on the same ring, the following indices are created. 1) Forest Area Index 2) Income Level Index 3) Water Resource Quantity Index 4) Soil Conservation Index To calculate the value of these indices, Land Use Model including spatial and economical sub-model, Hydro-Environmental Model, and Soil-Environmental Model are applied with appropriate condition.

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In this paper, strategic methods that provide information of environmental conscious technologies in the Internet are considered. Enterprises need to make environmental conscious decisions to improve themselves. Enterprises have various kinds of decision-making that are like, for example, top-management, middle-management and lower-management, etc. Top-management has relation to carrying on their enterprise. Lower-management has relation to operating daily works. It is very important to provide enterprise with the information about environmental conscious technologies and the case studies applied them according to kinds of their decision-making. When enterprises make decisions that they carry on environmental conscious businesses, it is needed to develop decision support systems that aid them to introduce environmental conscious technologies. The concepts of environmental conscious technologies, that are cleaner production, eco-efficiency and zero-emission etc., are useful to establish the environmental strategies for enterprises. When a enterprise takes the environmental strategy based on these concept step by step, the decision support systems will provide it with the proper information of environmental technologies in accordance with each step of its environmental strategy. These information systems are helpful to enterprises in introducing environmental conscious administrative strategies.

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The liming effect on the remediation of the acidified soil was discussed experimentally by using the acidified soil in the Rokko Mountains. By the liming operation, the base saturation (BS) in both O layer soil and A layer soil were recovered. The recovery rate of the BS in the O layer soil is lager than that of the A layer soil, because the lime was added on the O layer soil surface and the added calcium was sorbed mainlyon the O layer soil before reaching to the A layer soil set under the O layer soil in the experimental column. Theliming leached out the magnesium ion previously absorbed in the soil, but the pH in the breakthrough solution kept its influent value. I developed the mathematical model for evaluation of liming effect. The simulation results fitwell with the experimental data: those phenomena mentioned above was well reproduced especially on the calcium sorption in O layer soil and no change in pH in soil column effluent.

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90% of the tube wells in Samta village, where we have been investigating the causes of the arsenic contamination in groundwater and developing arsenic-free water supply systems since March 1997, had arsenic concentrations above the Bangladesh standard of 0.05mg/1. Tube wells with arsenic concentrations of over 0.50mg/l were distributed in the southern part with a belt-like shape from east to west and the arsenicconcentration was decreasing toward northern part of the village. In order to examine the characteristics of arsenic distribution in Samta, the arsenic pollution of groundwater in extensive area including Samta village was investigated and the distribution of arsenic pollution for the area was obtained in the paper. From some discussion about the examination and review of the geological survey results & change of arsenic concentration with time in Samta which have beenobtained in these years, we propose a model for explaining the characteristics of arsenic pollution in Samta in the paper. And the movements of countermeasures for arsenic pollution problems by us are introduced here, too.

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Various techniques for remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated by volatile organic chlorinated compounds (VOCs) are developed and applied for many sites. Reactive barrier technique by usingzero-valent iron as tractive agent has applied to remediate VOCs contaminated site. It has developed and used as apassive remediation to prevent contamination leakage. In this repot, test scale field experiment is conducted to clarify the effectiveness of reactive pile using zero-valent iron for VOCs contamination source. Trichlomethylene decomposed from over 200mg/L to regulation revel by iron powder during 2 months monitoring. Zero-valent iron powder is applicable for degrading high concentration of dissolved VOCs, and active remediation by reactive pile technique is applicable for contamination source.

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In the 21 century the Resource Exhaustion and the Industrial Wastes will become intensified. This report, to be based on the thus society circumstances, relates Technical Development of Cemented Sand and Gravel (C. S. G.) Method for the purpose of Aggregate Recycle.
C. S. G. Method is the Construction Technique to mix up the field material as the riverbed sand and gravel with cement. Generally speaking, Quality Control about Water Content and Grading of C. S. G. Method was not sufficient, and so the fluctuations coefficient of the Compressive Strength wasbig.(the fluctuations coefficient more than 30%)
However, this technique utilizes crushed stone in the process of aggregate manufacturing, and Dust (2.5-0mm), that was always exhausted, and other two aggregates (80-40mm, 40-0mm) are mixed up. This C. S. G. Method executed various Aggregate Tests, and Mixing Tests, verified the Mixing Tests such as RCD Concrete, and manufactured various material as ‘Blend Ratio’.
After all, this quality control enabled to minimize the fluctuations coefficient of the Compressive Strength (the fluctuations coefficient less than 25%).

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Urban material stock as buildings, housesm, and infrastructures, are to tranformed into large amount of environmental impact of solid wastes and greenhouse effect gas. A large number of buildings and facilities constructed in rapid economic growth decades after World War Two are supposed to face abrupt finish from both of social demand and physical function standpoints. This paper propose hierarchical material management system for building materials, namely wood, concrete, and steel, based on the national scale material flow survey of three principal building materials.Several recycle scenarios for woods are preliminarily designed and its effects are estimated as well as those effects in Osaka City.

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Soil Active Recovery Advanced Technology used PERLITE is a quality of soil improvement method of construction that was developed on the basis of PERLITE earth and sand mixture processing system., I utilized this system and understood that good quality soil of execution nature could improve soft soil because I finished use, and PERLITE let or you mix a new article PERLITE with soft viscosity soil. At the same time the PERLITE e mixture soil understood what could inflect as good borrow of water characteristic effectively.

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The natural environmental investigations were carried out on the source of NAGARA River and its basin. At the beginning, the method of natural environmental investigation was simply represented. In this report, in particular, the authors clarify the true character of source of NAGARA River. Moreover, the data of chemical analysis about water qualities of source zone of NAGARA River and natural water in its basin are shown and the real condition of water environment in the water system of NAGARA River is discussed.

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We investigate environmental ethics of river engineers who have many problems about conflicts river improvement works and nature-conservation movements with questionnaire. In this paper, we report a variety of troubles related to the conflicts which most of the engineers who answered the questionnaire. We classify the described concrete troubles into some categories (Negotiation and decision making, Construction cost, Evaluation method of nature and etc.) and show you some typical examples of the troubles. Finally we discuss what we have to do to find out a solution of the conflicts.

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Fiddler crabs, Uca arcuata and Uca lactea lactea, are both listed as very rare species in the Red Data Book published by the Environmental Agency of Japan. We have been studying the influence of physical conditions, such as sediment properties and tidal flow, on the active individual densities of fiddler crabs, in particular, inhabiting the Sumiyoshi tidal flat in the mouth of Yoshino River. Furthermore, we carried out similar field observations of the habitat distribution of Genus Uca in the Shikoku area. In this paper, the influence of grain size distribution of tidal flat sediment and weather factors, such as precipitation, on the number of active individuals were examined by the neural network analysis method.

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At the Keisei Dentetsu Oshiage line, which locates in the downstream of the Ara river, the new bridge construction is under way to secure the flowing capacity. As the construction proceeded, conservation groups were strongly worry about the survival of the rare animate beings, Mortonagrion Hirosei, which ranged in the phragmites field near the site. Taking the conservation of the habitat into consideration, we chose the landing bridge form instead of the banking form to make the temporary road for the beam construction. Also, to maintain the phragmites field and the revetment as the new habitat, “The Conservation Study Committee” was established. It followed that the phragmites field was designed as its ground height is adequate to the habitat and the revetment allows moderate inflow of river water to secure the wetness. We will conduct a follow-up research, and make conservation of nature in which Mortonagrion Hirosei can survive.

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In this report, the authors discussed on the actual situation of coastal pollution by the drifted garbage in the Japan Island. The investigations of coastal environment were performed at a large number of seashores in the Sakishima Is.(Okinawa), Honshu and Hokkaido districts. The number of garbage drifted in seashore was counted and it was also divided according to its type and nationality. It was pointed out from the results of investigations that the problem of coastal pollution by the drifted garbage was a serious problem of environment in Japan. It is strongly required that both the prevention measure and the way of disposition of the drifted garbage must be established in a hurry.

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The distribution and abundance of marine debris on 26 beaches along the Sea of Japan were investigated from September 1999 to November 1999. The mean concentration of stranded debris in Japan and Russia was 2, 808 and 1, 547g/100m², respectively. The most abundant stranded debris was plastic that accounted for 40% to 80% of total items in terms of weight and number. The mean concentration of submerged debris in Japan and Russia was 19.9 and 8.04g/m² respectively. Of the submerged debris collected, fragments of plastic products were the most abundant item in terms of weight, and styrofoam pieces numerically. The average ratio of submerged debris to stranded debris in weight was 0.74, which suggests the significance of submerged debris for evaluating the status of debris onbeaches. Plastic pellets that are the raw material of plastic industry were found on 17 Japanese beaches and one Russian beach.

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Recently, extensive kelp forest are decreasing at sea coastal area in Japan. The purpose of this study is to develop the technology for recovering biodiversity by multiplication of seaweed. The nutriment is mixed into the porous concrete in order to restore kelp forest in the sea area made into the oligotrophication. The nutritive substance is coated with special polymer so that the nutriment may gradually dissolve out. This paper discusses the physical properties of the porous concrete and attachment of algae to it. By considering the nearby ecosystem, the nutrient elution amount is decided. There is the technology which estimates the concentration of the chlorophyll of sea surface from the observation satellite. As a result, porous concrete with grain fertilizer coated by special polymer is thought to be useful in the recreation of well-balanced biodiversity at the sea coastal area. This technology can be also utilized for the recovery of the biodiversity in South-East Asia.

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In tropical and subtropical coastal areas, there are unique ecosystems in which the land hermit crab plays an important roll. Recent land developments have forced them into a survival crisis, particularly around the Okinawan islands in southern Japan.
The islands of Okinawa used to be surrounded by cobalt color reef seas and abundant ecosystems, of which the land hermit crabs were at the heart. While still dominant, most of them are now being destroyed by the construction of artificial barriers such as sea walls for roads, and land development.
Field surveys have revealed that coastal ecosystems in subtropical seas are facing a survival crisis. The main results can be summarized as follows:
(1) The numbers of land hermit crabs that live on coasts with artificial eco-barriers are far less than the numbers living on natural coasts with no artificial eco-barriers.
(2) On a coast that contains artificial barriers, the distribution of the land hermit crab population in different age groups does not follow the normal distribution pattern as seen in natural coasts. The natural coast shows a distribution that has the maximum number at breeding age and follows a pattern similar to the Gauss's distribution function.
(3) One more important thing that this research has shown is that in developing countries, there are very few small coastal animals, such as land hermit crabs and beach crabs. This is almost certainly due to land development, as almost all of the resort island coasts are now taken up by resort hotels and affluent residences. Their ecosystems may also be facing a crisis similar to that in Okinawa.

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Developing countries in the Asian and Pacific region are anticipated to face serious impacts of climate change, because of not only their geographic settings but also the high growth of population and economy. Many countries have tried to identify the specific impacts on them without success. The major reason for this is lack of data. Thailand is a country which accumulates relatively large amount of data including GIS database. This study aims at correlating the existing coastal problems with the impacts of climate change and sea-level rise, based on review of the impact studies and new analysis using the databases developed both in Thailand and in the world. Sea-level rise and climate change would significantly exacerbate existing coastal problems, such as coastal erosion and retreat of mangrove forest. In particular, mangrove forests in Thailand is the case, for they have already been experiencing strong pressures due to land subsidence and clearing for shrimp ponds. The threats of the storm surge and flooding are another concern in the Central Plain, the Chao Phraya Delta, where Bangkok is situated.

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One of the major consequences of global warming is sea-level rise. Although considerable numbers of studies have been performed so far, the present knowledge about the coastal impact in global and regional scales and the most vulnerable areas are not sufficient yet. In this study, a regional assessment is carried out to obtain a better quantitative picture of the impact in the Asian and Pacific region. The assessment is based on a 1'×1' grid system in the longitudinal and latitudinal directions set in a GIS system. Basic data such as topography, population distribution, and tropical cyclones are taken from global environmental and geographic databases. The highest storm surge level is calculated using cyclone records for the past 40 years for the whole Asian and Pacific region. Site-specific sea level scenarios in the future are constructed by superposing the high water level of the astronomical tide, storm surges and future sea-level rise. The indexes taken to represent the impacts are areas of inundation (permanent flooding) and episodic flooding by storm surges, and population at risk. The land area affected by storm surges after 1m sea-level rise will be about 858, 000km² or 1.32% of the total land in the region, 247, 000km² larger than that before the lm sea-level rise.

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Through a CRIEPI international research collaboration, climate changes under a set of CO₂ stabilization (WRE550) and BAU (IS92a) scenarios were projected by the NCAR coupled climate model (CSM). In these projections, the carbon-cycle model of Wigley (1993) was used to estimate atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. In this model, which has been used in many investigations, e. g., the IPCC second assessment report (1995), both the ocean and terrestrial biomass components of the CO₂ cycle are simulated. Verification of the model is demonstrated by comparison of observational data and calculations over the period of the 1990s. Future concentrations depend strongly on the value of D_n (1980s), which is the net CO₂ emission from land use change in 1980s. In the long term, however, the ocean uptake in this model tends to be over estimated. Moreover, the model results reveal that the Kyoto reduction will delay the occurrence of any given concentration by only a few decades. It is obvious that reductions by only advanced countries are not sufficient to stabilize the CO2 concentrations. In future research, improvements in the carbon cycle model should be made in order to better estimate future limits on CO₂ emissions.

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Regional climate in East Asia under 1CO2 and 2CO2 conditions was simulated for continuous 10-year periods by the RegCM2.5 developed by NCAR, using the output of a CO2 transient run from NCAR-CSM as lateral and surface boundary conditions. The typical winter precipitation events on the northwestern side of Japan (Japan Sea side) caused by the monsoons and the precipitation in and around Japan caused by the Bai-u front (Meiyu front) in June were reproduced realistically by the RegCM with a horizontal resolution of 50km. With doubling of the concentration of CO2, air temperature typically increases in the northern region in winter. The precipitation increases on and around the Bai-u front (by 20 to 30%) are significant at the 5%(partly 1%) level. However, the location of the Bai-u front does not shift from 1CO2 climate to 2CO2 climate or slightly shifts to the north. In the typical four climate districts in Japan, the biases and the change of the surface air temperature and the precipitation are analyzed and discussed.

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This paper focuses on deforestation impact on regional precipitation over Indochina, especially in Thailand. Analysis of observed precipitation in Thailand shows a significant decrease in precipitation only in September. Precipitation amounts at many meteorological stations in September have decreased approximately 100mm/month over the past three or four decades. Numerical experiments with a regional climate model are carried out for August and September. Results of the experiments also show a decrease in precipitation over the deforested area in September, but not in August. As the strong monsoon westerlies over Indochina disappear in September although it is typically the month of maximum precipitation, it is inferred that local deforestation impact may appear significantly only in September due to the absence of the strong external forcing. Preliminary analysis of stable isotopes in precipitation in Thailand indicates the importance of evaporation from land surface in September and October. These all suggest that local recycling of precipitation could be important for regional climate in a specific period of a year.

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Because of many reasons such as increasing population, industrial development, and expanding irrigation, which are expected to continue in future, shortage of water resources has become more severe in many parts of the world. In order to assess the balance between water demand and supply in future under climate change, surface runoff and water demand in each river basin are estimated from 2050 through 2059. It is found that the estimated spatial patterns of runoff change in 2050s differ considerably by GCM used, especially in Central Africa and the north part of South America. In developed countries, industrial water demand will increase, while agricultural water demand will slightly decrease. In developing countries, water demand will increase in all sectors, especially the share of industrial water demand will increase significantly.

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To investigate the impacts of anthropogenic global warming on tropical cyclone (TC) activity, climate simulations were conducted under the present and CO₂-warmed conditions using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model version 2. The CO₂-warmed condition includes doubled atmospheric CO₂ concentration and about 1°C of tropical sea surface temperature (SST) warming. Simulated TCs were objectively selected from twice daily instantaneous outputs during an eight-year time integration period of each simulation, and the changes associated with global warming were examined in terms of frequency of occurrence and mean intensity.
The frequency of global TC occurrence remains unchanged in response to the CO₂-induced warming. This fairly constant global TC frequency is in agreement with the almost neutral tendency in the zonally-averaged moist instability in the tropics. On the other hand, regional TC frequencies indicate relatively large tendencies depending on TC basins, including increased tendency in the western North Pacific and decreased tendency in the Western Hemisphere. These regional variations are connected with large-scale circulation and similar to the natural variability of observed TCs. Simulated changes in the mean TC intensity highlight increased tendencies over the warm SST regions in the western Pacific, which contribute to the significantly increased mean intensity of global TCs.

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In the local cities, urban areas are growing into suburbs where more residents have settled because of the economics and population growth. The residents at suburb have different travel behavior from the residents at urban areas, for example, they tend to use private car more frequently, to have longer trips, to use more transport energy and to have higher transport costs.
This paper targets Sendai metropolitan areas, and examines the impacts of different densities of urban areas on travel behavior and compares per capita transport energy use and transport cost for different densities, based on the results of Person Trip Survey. Moreover, in order to investigate into the impacts of different implementations of Zoning System on transport energy use and transport cost, per capita transport energy use and transport cost are estimated under the Scenario if urbanization promotion areas had not sprawled since 1970. The results implicate the importance of land use policy on the savings of transport energy and transport cost.

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From the 18^th to 19^th century, the atmosphere in Rome was observed by several artists from abroad. J. M. W. Turner, English painter left many sketches and paintings of landscape. When we see the sky, the color effect for optical view is composed of the layer of whole atmosphere and the outer space. For the purpose to analyze the relationship between optical sky and character of atmospheric environment in Rome, global and regional environment were observed. This paper aims to elucidate the main factor of vertical atmospheric layers using the photographs of sky and surface climatic data collected from 6^th to 11^th September 1999. In this research period, the sky showed varied phenomena of the climate transition from the typical dry summer to wet Autumn season. A distinctive feature was the influence of wind direction on diurnal range of temperature and humidity. Also it could be possible to define the transportation of desert dust mass originated in Sahara desert over Mediterranean basin is a stable element of atmosphere in Rome. The analysis of environmental character conduces to understand “the idea of the space and place” which inspires the human imagination.

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The summer artificial heat maps in 23 wards of Tokyo were made in every 5 years in 1974-1994. The characteristics of these maps are as follows; 1) It is possible to obtain accurate distribution spatially. 2) The amount of art if icial heat is evaluated in terms of each energy source. 3) The chronological order change of artificial heat map during 20 years is shown. On the basis of the maps, spatial-temporal structure and characteristics of the summer artificial heat distributions were discussed. The artificial heat in the city center and sub-center areas has been increasing in 1974-1994 inclusive, and the increase quantity tends to become larger. Final ly, the characteristics of the heat distribution in 23 wards of Tokyo were compared with ones in Osaka and Nagoya City.

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Macroscopic analysis on structure of energy consumption in China and its recent succession were performed. These structures and their succession in the latter half of 1980's were classified based on regional statistics. In China, the consuming share of solid fossil fuels represented by coal is significantly large and the share of industrial sector is also large, while recently both of them are decreasing.
Regional diversity of energy consumption structure is noticeable in China. For instance, Shanghai and Guangdong consume much more liquid fuels due to the development of transportation sector. In Sichuan, Henan, Hebei and Heilongjiang, the share of household sector is relatively great.
In China, bottle neck of energy transportation seems to cause that structure of energy consumption reflects the regional structure of industry and type of produced fossil energy strongly. This tendency appears significantly in household sector. Through the latter half of 1980's the dependence on coal had become smaller and per capita energy consumption was increasing. The constitution of fossil fuels excluding coal shows some diversity, for instance, LPG in Beijing, natural gas in Liaoning, coal gas in Shanghai are characteristics. In urbanized region, industrial region and coastal region, the share of electricity consumption is relatively large.

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It is great concerns that the CO₂ emissions are afraid to give damages to global environment, and standards to regulate the CO₂ emissions have been argued and decided at the COP3. Because, in the transport unit, the CO₂ emissions discharged by automobiles are more serious, the policy options to reduce the automobile transport activities are requested. It is well known, however, that these policies generate the market economic disbenefit through the increase of automobile user's cost. We have proposed the Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (DCGE) model to evaluate the regulatory policies of externalities, in considering not only the effects by reducing the externalities but also the impacts to the market economy. In this paper, we tried to calculate the process of the optimal political level to regulate the automobile-related CO₂ emissions by applying the DCGE model and the Genetic Algorithm (GA).

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A nitrogen removal process with immobilized nitrifiers is expected to be adapted in wastewater treatment plants of big cities, because it can save space for the nitrogen removal. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) gasemission from the process was investigated using a pilot plant to prevent the increase of N₂O production. Through the experiment complete nitrification was achieved, and if NO_3-N was denitrified in the anoxic tank N₂O production was kept low (0.043g N₂O-N/d). However, during the periods with low water temperature or diluted influent, where denitrification rate was decreased and NO_3-N remained in the anoxic tank, N₂O production increased to 0.60 g N₂ON/d. Maintaining denitrification rate is important for the low N₂O production.

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When the carbon dioxide emission from transport part rapidly has been increasing. it is important to realize sustainable transport in order to support sustainable society. Sustainable transport is evaluated from three dimensions, that is society, environment and economy and we focused on an evaluation from an environmental side. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a fuel tax from the viewpoint of an intergenerational equityof the carbon dioxide emission. We simulated carbon dioxide volume emitted from vehicles and railways in Osaka prefecture. Using Keihanshin person trip survey data at 1970, 1980 and 1990, a traffic demand forecasting model was constructed by each age class. Scenarios from 1970 to 2020 were made from population, improvement of fuel consumption and alternatives of a fuel tax. The carbon dioxide emission for 50 years was estimated applyingthis model. In this study an intergenerational equity is defined as a gap between the emission of generation in which there are most reduction from the present state transition pattern and that of the least generation. It wasfound that an intergenerational equity was kept in case of practicing a fuel tax early.

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The reduction of urban heat island phenomena is specified in the principle of Japanese governmentas a countermeasure for the global warming problem. Air temperature of Tokyo has risen as 1.7°C in summer since last century. This climatic change may be a match for 34 billion yen as a negative effect on the seasonal electricity charges summed up in the metropolitan area. A coupling model of urban climate and building air conditioning system was developed for different scale problems of mesoscale (480km*400km) and urban district scale (500m*500m). Turbulent model is a κ-ε type equivalent to the Level 2.5 model by a control of the parameters of coefficient for eddy viscosity evaluation C_μ, and turbulent Prandtl number P_rt, defined as the atmospheric stability functions. Themodel also involves the drag force effect of building walls. Firstly, the Kanto region was analyzed, and numerical results were compared with the measurement data. Secondly, urban district scale in Tokyo was analyzed, and the numericalresults showed distributions of soil temperature and air temperature were highly affected by the land utilization and energy utilization.

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A basic calculating unit is needed to estimate an amount of carbon fixation by planted trees in urban area, therefore three species, fifteen planted trees were analyzed by means of the stem analysis, and the growth process were clarified. Wood Growth had close correlations to Tree Height and Trunk Diameter at the height of 1.2m, and two Regression Curve Expressions were made. Furthermore, Tree Height and Trunk Diameter were proportional to Tree Age. According to these correlations, the expressions for calculation of Annual Wood Growth were made. The Annual Wood Growths are useful as a basic calculating unit for various size trees of each species. The form of expressions are as follows, Y=a {(X+c)^b-X^b}; Y: Annual Wood Growth (kg/y); X: Tree Height (m) or Trunk Diameter (cm) at the height of 1.2m; a, b and c: constants as each species.

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There is the urgent need for government, the people and companies of world to work together in the attempt to cope with these great worldwide environmental changes. It is required of all nations to try cope with various demands from each motion, and in line with that each nation should, vatuntarily, promote the equilibrium between the development and environment. The present study investigate features of the sustainable environment and future prospects for the adaptation policies between Sakhalin and Hokkaido based on Model Reference Adaptive Theory based on four models such as the parallel, series, parallel-series and series-parallel models. When thinking of the adaptation policies between Sakhalin and Hokkaido by these models, it is important to note that the actual environment is to become the sustainable environment by the environmental value criteria. Especially, we investigate the offshore oil problem of Sakhalin II project with chronic impacts from normal operations and acute impacts from serious accidents.

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Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the action of environmental protection and communication with stakes folders in the civil engineering of a variety of industrial activities. Despite the widely recognized importance of environmental protection acts in the construction field as fundamental efforts, surprisingly little agreement has been done who shall be charged up against the financial burden. A survey of both environmental protection acts and the present condition of the financial burden on the act in construction fields was carried out from August to October in 1999. Of 50 job sites surveyed, they had the total number of 137 environmental protection acts, and classified these acts into 18 categories. The proportion of the water pollution control and the construction waste disposal and recycle in the categorized distribution were 34% and 22% respectively. By the statistical method of the analytical hierarchy process, it is revealed that the main interest in ordering in respect to the environmental protection acts were the waste recycling and the noise control for neighbors. With reference to the financial burden, they can be easily neglected from the budget if the amount of the burden for the environmental protection item is small to the total cost.

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The practice of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) being practiced in many countries around the globe is still in a developing stage. The first part of this paper surveys the SEA systems being practiced and tries to compare the system being practiced in 4 countries under consideration. The second part of this paper focuses on the case study of World Exposition 2005, Japan and proposes that due to the interrelated multi-project nature, a strategic approach in the planning phase is effective.

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This study attempts to evaluate socio-economical impacts due to consumption of resources and energy with rapid industrialization in East Asia by means of Environmental Accounting System and to discuss about sustainable industrial transformation. Firstly, this paper reviews the unbalance growth between regions In China and regional environmental problems. Secondly, it highlightens the basin of Chang Jiang and Pearl River with Open Economic Zones in Coastal Delta and Backward Basins in China. In addition, it calculate environmental load (i. e. Sulfur oxide and COD) induced by inter-transaction of goods and services in these basins by using the Inter-regional input-output analysis. As a result, environmental load in the areas of upper stream is induced by the Inter-regional activities between the areas of down stream.

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Two major sources of acid deposition are SO₂ and NO_x. Amount of NO_x from East Asian Countries has been calculated and compared with that of SO₂. As the air passes through on the same route, contribution of each asian countries to the acid deposition at fukui showed similar pattern.

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In order to investigate the acidification of cloud droplets due to rainout (in cloudscavenging) of gaseous air pollutants, the characteristics of acidification of growing single cloud droplet due to condensation of the atmospheric water vapor on cloud condensation necleus (CCN) and the rainout of SO₂ (g) are simulated numerically with use of a mathematical model. Little is known about rainout compared with washout (below cloud scavenging).(NH₄)₂ SO₄ is selected for CCN, which is produced from NH₃ (g) and SO₂ (g) via gas-phase chemical reaction in the atmosphere. The mathematical model is based on the equations of mass and energy conservation. Using the lumpedmodel, time variation of droplet radius, temperature and concentrations of chemicals are simulated. The major driving force for droplet growth, temperature rise and the absorption of SO₂ (g) is the difference of the concentration of (NH₄)₂ SO₄ between droplet and pure water. The larger the initial size of CCN, the smaller the contribution of oxidation (i. e., sulfate ion) on the acidification of cloud droplet becomes.

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A mathematical model of total nitrogen (TN) balance in the atmosphere was developed to evaluate the supplied TN from the atmosphere into the forested mountain area through the rainwater. In this model, when initial TN concentration in the atmosphere, wet deposition rate, dry deposition rate, TN flux in the atmosphere and precipitation were specified, time evolution of TN concentration in the atmosphere and in the rainwater could be estimated. Applicability of the model was examined in a forested mountain area (Aoya River basin; 4500 ha) located in the central part of Japan and in the campus of Gifu University in the northern part of Gifu City. As the results, the governing factors of the accumulation process of TN in the atmosphere were the advection of TN in the atmosphere and the removal of TN by the precipitation, and the seasonal variation of TN concentration in the rainwater, which were obtained during the longer measurement period, could be estimated well.

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In many developing countries, non-lead gasoline policy has been promoting these years to prevent the air-pollution related health risks. Japan had already completed the non-lead gasoline system in 1983. In this study the effect of the Japanese non-lead gasoline policy was examined from the both aspects of the ambient air pollution control and the health risk reduction.
The lead exposure to the reference Japanese was evaluated through the both pathways of dietaryand respiratory intake, and the lead concentration in blood was evaluated by using the physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK model). The lead concentration in ambient air and the respiratory intake was reduced drastically by the non-lead policy, however the total lead exposure was not because of the larger contribution of the dietary exposure to the average reference Japanese. The present lead exposure level is low enough for keeping the lead concentration under the limit concentration in blood.

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Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN) measurement were made at Sapporo from July 1997 to September 1999 and at Mt. Teine (1000m altitude), a site near Sapporo urban area, from February to May 1999. Median concentrations of PAN for each month show seasonal variation. Maximum levels of about 0.3-0.4ppb were observed during winter months. On sunny days in summer PAN concentrations showed a distinct diurnal variation and local formation of PAN was apparent. Whereas, in winter PAN concentrations showed little diurnal variation and there was little difference between concentrations at Mt. Teine and surface concentrations in Sapporo, which indicate wintertime PAN in Sapporo were not formed by local photochemistry. Regional scale three-dimensional transport/chemistry simulations were performed for the period February 1999, The model results were compared to measured concentration and PAN levels were found to be influenced by continental outflow of air pollutants.

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In developing countries, increase of energy consumption by rapid economic growth hascaused large emission of air pollutants. In this study, we make SO₂ emission inventory in China. We distinguished between point source and area source in this inventory. As a result, the emission from point source in 1990 and 1995 is 445 (10⁴ton) and 662 (10⁴ton), respectivelyand the emission from area source in 1990 and 1995 is 1422 (10⁴ton) and 1710 (10⁴ton), respectively.

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Chemical properties measurements of aerosols were made over a few years in Tiksi, Norilisk and Yakutsk, Siberia. Results at Tiksi indicate a strong seasonal variation, high concentration in late winter to early spring and low value in summer, and that the major component of aerosols is sulfate. These results suggest that Siberian Arctic have been also poluted by Arctic Haze as well as other Arctic region. Optical properties of Siberian Arctic Haze were calculated using scattering theory of Mie. And also upward radiative flux from the top of atmosphere was estimated based on the optical properties. Furthermore, possibility of application of infrared remote sensing to Arctic haze was discussed.

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Two research cruises were conducted in the western Pacific Ocean on board the R/V Mirai in winter and summer, 1999. Optical properties of atmospheric aerosols were observed, and the chemical components were analyzed. In winter cruise, in the region from 20° N to 32° N, scattering coefficient and absorption coefficient were as high as those observed in Sapporo. The concentrations of SO₄^2-, NH₄⁺ and elemental carbon (EC) were high, and Al was detected in the same region, which represents the existence of soil dust. Therefore, the aerosols in this region seem to be transported from land. In summer cruise, even in the region more than 1, 000km far from land, the aerosols had the chemical species derived from land. On the other hand, in other regions in the two cruises, scattering coefficient σ_sca ranged from 10 to 20×10^-6 (m^-1), and single scattering albedo ε was more than 0.98. These results suggest that the aerosols observed in the regions had much scattering properties, and little absorptive components such as EC.

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