Fossil equid remains are very rare in the Japanese Islands, probably owing to the particular land condition that prevailed during the later Cenozoic, which is adverse to the life of equids and on the contrary favourable to that of Proboscidea. In Middle Pleistocene, some Manchurian or North Chinese elements evidently migrated into the land, as such remains are found in the Upper Kuzuii beds of Totigi prefecture, the sand and gravel bed of the Inland sea, and the Tukinoki asphalt bed of Akita prefecture. The last mentioned deposit, yielded the equine tooth now under consideration; other mammalian remains previously described from the same deposit are
Palaeoloxodon namadicus yabei (MATSUMOTO),
Sus nipponicus nipponicus MATSUMOTO,
Cervus (Sika) ezoensis HEUDE, and
Canis sp. This occurrence, the writer thinks, indicate that some steppe animals might have invaded into the Japanese Islands in association with the other Manchurian elements.
The very fragmental equine tooth from the asphalt bed, about 22mm long, 23mm wide and 31mm high, probably belonged to a median-sized equid; it has a flat protocone as in
E. przewalskii POLIAKOFF or
E. caballus LINNE, and relatively weak enamel plication, weaker than in
F. sanmeniensis TEILHARD and PIVETEAU or in
E. leptostylus MATSUMOTO. The fossil remain may represent a species perhaps allied with
E. hemionus or other small sized equids.
Another tooth, shown in Fig. 1 b is a left lower last molar, about 30mm long, 12mm wide and 43mm high; it is quite similar to the corresponding one of
E. caballus. It was found lying on the sandy shore near Hitati-mati, Ibaraki prefecture; it may be a fossil or subfossil, or even its being a quite recent one is by no means excluded.
In connection of the respective antiquity and sequence of
E. sanmeniensis,
E. przewalskii and
E. caballus, it is questioned whether the equine tooth from Honan described under the name of
E. leptostylus MATSUMOTO is not referrable to
E. przewalskii, because the correspondent tooth of the latter species differs not much from the former in dimensions and enamel plication. Which of the various names-
E.(E.) caballus fossilis CUVIER,
E.(E.) caballus leptostylus MATSUMOTO,
E.(E.) caballus przewalskii (POLIAKOFF) and
E.(E.) przewalskii POLIAKOFF should properly be applied to the Anyan equid which is sometimes regarded to be a domestic form, is a question difficult to answer.
At present wide divergence of opinion exists between the American and oriental authors as to the, geological age of the
Hipparion bed of the Siwalik series; the present writer rather tends to the view held by PILGRIM or TEILHARD de CEIARDIN, as the Americans seems to him to be too arbitrary in regarding the New World as the native land of Hipparion. For intercontinental correlation of fauna, the use of certain single group of animals instead of the whole fauna may prove to be of considerable value, though sometimes quite d angerous.
Beside the two specimens cited above, there are some others which have previously been reported by Dr. TOKUNAGA, namely several specimens of
E. caballus from Keisei, Tyôsen, and Kuroi village in Hyôgo prefecture; farther there are several remains from Neolithic sites reported by Dr. HASEBE, especially of Kyushu, which specially attracted his attention to the small size of them. Hence one can at least safely express that some small sized horses lived in Japan from the Middle Pleistocene of the Neolithic age, contemporaneous with
Sus nipponicus MATSUMOTO. The small size may be interpreted either as its specific character or as due to island life.
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