PSYCHOLOGIA
Online ISSN : 1347-5916
Print ISSN : 0033-2852
ISSN-L : 0033-2852
48 巻, 2 号
選択された号の論文の9件中1~9を表示しています
SPECIAL ISSUE: PSYCHOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
–PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACHES–
Guest Editor: Akihiro Yagi
  • Akihiro YAGI
    2005 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 63-65
    発行日: 2005年
    公開日: 2005/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
  • Richard W. BACKS, Jason ROHDY, Jenell BARNARD
    2005 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 66-83
    発行日: 2005年
    公開日: 2005/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
    Thirty university students (15 females) performed tasks from the NASA Multi-attribute Task Battery, which was used to manipulate the attentional processing resource demands of the tasks. Separate groups performed visual or auditory monitoring tasks singly and in combination with visual-manual tracking while heart period, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and pre-ejection period (PEP) were recorded to determine the modes of cardiac control during task performance. The tracking single-task suppressed RSA and was interpreted as eliciting an uncoupled parasympathetic inhibition mode of cardiac control because of its demand upon perceptual and manual processing resources. The monitoring task both suppressed RSA and shortened PEP and was interpreted as eliciting a reciprocally-coupled sympathetic activation and parasympathetic inhibition mode of cardiac control because of its demand for perceptual/central processing resources. Dividing attention elicited uncoupled parasympathetic inhibition that was greater for the visual monitoring and tracking dual-task than for the auditory monitoring and tracking dual-task, which we interpreted as indicating a greater sharing of perceptual/spatial and manual processing resources for these tasks. Practice lengthened PEP in the dual-tasks and was interpreted as eliciting uncoupled sympathetic inhibition that was indicative of improved central processing resource efficiency. The results are evaluated in terms of how knowledge of cardiac control modes may be used to assess mental workload in applications such as adaptive automation.
  • Robert A. HENNING, Kristopher T. KORBELAK
    2005 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 84-92
    発行日: 2005年
    公開日: 2005/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
    Social psychophysiological compliance (SPC) was tested as a predictor of future team performance of two-person teams performing a self-paced projective tracking task under laboratory conditions. Undergraduate students (N=16 teams, aged 17 to 23 yrs) worked in parallel using separate X-Y joysticks to guide a virtual object through a complex path. One team member controlled the horizontal position of the object while the other controlled vertical. Unexpected changes in task control dynamics occurred at a randomly-selected point in the path: either horizontal and vertical (HV) control were swapped between team members, directional control was reversed, or both HV swap plus directional reversal occurred. Higher cardiac SPC (cross correlation, lag=0) scores predicted lower tracking error from path centerline (p<.01) but did not predict collision severity between object and path wall. The results indicate that SPC has some potential for assessing a team’s readiness to handle unexpected task demands in the immediate future.
  • Hiroshi NITTONO
    2005 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 93-101
    発行日: 2005年
    公開日: 2005/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
    Cognitive processing associated with the recognition of computer malfunction was examined by recording event-related brain potentials time-locked to voluntary mouse button clicks that did not produce feedback from the computer. Sixteen university students performed a simple stimulus discrimination (oddball) task in auditory and visual modalities. Each button press produced either a target or a standard stimulus, or no stimulus response in some trials (missing stimulus, p=0.2). Biphasic missing-stimulus potentials appeared after the stimulus omission within a latency range of 150 to 550 ms. For both auditory and visual modalities, the initial negative component was dominant at the right temporal site, whereas the following positive component was at the central site. The peak latencies of these potentials were about 30 ms shorter in the auditory than in the visual modality, though the eliciting event was identical (i.e., stimulus omission). Brain potentials after users’ operations may provide an objective and unobtrusive index of users’ expectations in human-computer interaction.
  • Carryl L. BALDWIN, Joseph T. COYNE
    2005 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 102-119
    発行日: 2005年
    公開日: 2005/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
    Advanced technologies have enabled the choice of either visual or auditory formats for avionics and surface transportation displays. Methods of assessing the mental workload imposed by displays of different formats are critical to their successful implementation. Towards this end a series of investigations were conducted with the following aims: 1) developing analogous auditory and visual versions of a secondary task that could be used to compare display modalities; and 2) to compare the sensitivity of neurophysiological, behavioral and subjective indices of workload. Experiments 1 and 2 confirmed that analogous auditory and visual secondary oddball discrimination tasks were of equivalent difficulty as indicated by P300 amplitude, RT, accuracy and subjective ratings of workload. Experiments 1–3 revealed that RT and accuracy for target detections were generally more sensitive to changes in primary task difficulty than P300 responses and subjective ratings. However, Experiment 3 indicated that P300 amplitude was sensitive to increased perceptual demands (resulting from driving in heavy fog versus clear visibility) not revealed by changes in either behavioral or subjective indices. Together the results of the current investigations indicate that a battery of assessment techniques will provide the most sensitive assessment of workload in complex environments.
  • Koji KAZAI, Yuka ABE, Akihiro YAGI, Tomoaki NAKANO, Kazunori HIGUCHI, ...
    2005 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 120-126
    発行日: 2005年
    公開日: 2005/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
    The eye-fixation related potential (EFRP) is a type of visual evoked potential (VEP). In the present study, the effects of simulating the vision of an older adult (Nakano, Higuchi, & Yamamoto, 1996) on the EFRP of young adults were investigated. The EFRP was measured under three conditions: the N condition (original stimulus without any image processing), the CS condition (simulation of a 70-year old person’s contrast sensitivity and spectral transmittance), and the C condition (simulation of a 70-year old person’s contrast sensitivity). The P65 (positivity with a peak latency of about 65 ms) and N110 (nagativity with a peak latency of about 110 ms) of the EFRP were identified. There was no significant difference between the P65-N110 amplitude of the N condition and that of the CS condition. The peak latency of P65 of the CS condition was longer than those of the other two conditions. These results are in general agreement with previous VEP studies that compared older and young adults. Therefore, these results support the validity of the simulation.
  • Masayoshi NAGAI, Akihiro YAGI
    2005 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 127-132
    発行日: 2005年
    公開日: 2005/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
    The present study investigated the process of updating or replacing the contents in object files using behavioral (reaction time) and psychophysiological (mismatch negativity) measures. Two moving letters were presented, and participants responded the target letter’s identity as quickily as possible. In the coherent condition, the two letters moved downward in natural way, keeping their spatiotemporal coherence. In the incoherent conditions, the two letters were replaced by each other or by new and different letters. In these cases, the spatiotemporal coherence was violated and participants had to update the information about each moving letter. The results showed that the reaction times were longer in the incoherent conditions than in the coherent condition. Mismatch negativity, which reflected the presentation of unpredictable events, was observed in the incoherent conditions. We propose that mismatch negativity is one measure to assess the efficiency of interface devices in daily lives.
  • John A. STERN, Timothy B. BROWN, Lin WANG, Michael B. RUSSO
    2005 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 133-145
    発行日: 2005年
    公開日: 2005/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
    Much of the literature dealing with the measurement of eye movements is restricted to data collected under conditions where the head is “stabilized”. Since in the “real world” such restrictions cannot readily be imposed on operators, we here review the literature dealing with the use of head movements in the acquisition and processing of visually presented information. Task difficulty is associated with an increase in the likelihood of using head movements to acquire visually presented information. Such head movements have been described with visual information subtending as little as 5–10 degrees of arc. The present study, requiring subjects to identify and process information presented at 10 degree eccentricity, determined that such head movements do occur. Head movements were not measured directly but inferred from differences in eye movement amplitude as measured with electrooculography, and gaze shift measured with video camera technology. We raise the issue of generalizability of results obtained under conditions where the head is “stabilized” to conditions where it is free to move.
  • Atsushi NORITAKE, Junji WATANABE, Hideyuki ANDO, Masahiko TERAO, Akihi ...
    2005 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 146-153
    発行日: 2005年
    公開日: 2005/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
    When observers make a saccade across a flickering light dot at the same location, they usually perceive an array of dots (Hershberger, 1987). This phenomenon can be exploited for presenting two-dimensional images using only a single dimensional light source such as a single column of LEDs or laser projectors. In the present study, we investigated whether the perceived length of saccade-induced images is modulated by relative position of the light source and the observer. Participants were presented with a continuous laser-lit dot at several different locations adjacent to a saccade target. On each trial, they were required to make a saccade from a fixation point to the saccade target and then to localize the two endpoints of perceived line induced by the saccade. The results showed that the perceived length of the saccade-induced lines was approximately a half of the distance between the fixation point and the saccade target regardless of the light source location.
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