The relationships of achievement participation motivation, goal orientations and perceived physical ability were investigated in young competitive Brazilian swimmers. Four hundred and twenty five swimmers (287 males and 138 females, ranging in age from 11 to 25 years) completed the Participation Motivation Inventory (PMI), the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ), and the Perceived Physical Ability Scale (PPA). Findings provided evidence for the validity and reliability of the questionnaires. Regression analyses showed that ego orientation predicted motives for participation related to status and fitness. In contrast, task orientation predicted motivational variables related with competition, energy release and skills/health. Perceived physical ability predicted variables with different degrees of self-determination.

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Similarities of language-independent form symbolism were tested across different geographical regions. In Experiment 1, word-form matching between 10 abstract words and 16 computer-generated nonsense forms was performed by between 61 and 107 undergraduate or volunteer participants in nine geographic regions of the world. Participants were native speakers of one of eight different languages: Japanese, Chinese, Korean, English, Italian, German, Serbian and Slovakian. The results demonstrated similar trends across languages and geographic regions. The small but significant differences between Eastern and Western groups found in Experiment 1 could be attributed to differences between them in the affective meanings of words rather than forms, as suggested by the results of Experiment 2. Experiment 2 involved participants (49 to 116 undergraduates from Japan, Taiwan, the US and Serbia) performing the 11-scale Semantic Differential technique on 10 words and eight of the 16 forms used in Experiment 1. It was concluded that the cross-regional similarity of form symbolism is based on the similarity of affective meanings of forms across different regions and languages.

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Our goal was to investigate the effects of temporal judgment on source monitoring and response bias for imagined and perceived drawings. We separated the learning sessions into two days (Day 1 and Day 2) and collected the Day 2 source of each item. The results show that among participants who viewed perceived drawings on Day 1 and imagined items on Day 2, the likelihood of attributing the test items to the perceived drawings category increased with increased repetition of the perceived items. However, when an item was perceived in the learning phase, even if items were imagined repeatedly, the "imagined" responses did not interfere with the rate of "perceived" responses. Furthermore, when an "unknown" response category was included, the response bias of "imagined" decreased, but the response bias of "perceived" did not.

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This paper examined the priming effects of the sentential context and other lexical factors in the processing of ambiguous words. A cross-modal naming task was employed in which listeners named aloud a visual probe as fast as they could, at a pre-designated point upon hearing the sentence, which ended with a spoken Chinese homophone. Results from the experiment in general support the context-dependency hypothesis that selection of the appropriate meaning of an ambiguous word depends on the simultaneous interaction of both sentential and lexical information during lexical access.

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Visual attention automatically shifts in the direction of another person's gaze shift. However, this gaze cueing effect has been tested only in static situations. In the present study, we examined whether dynamic gaze cueing, triggered by the dynamic gaze shift of another person, could alter the perceived direction of apparent motion. In Experiment 1, we presented a drifting or counterphased flickering sinusoidal grating in the upper visual field and a pictorial face stimulus with its eyes smoothly moved towards the left or right side of the grating in the lower visual field. Observers were asked to report the perceived motion direction in the grating; consequently, it was biased in the direction of the gaze shift. In Experiment 2, we ruled out the possibility of motion capture due to the motion signals in the eyes as a source of bias in the previous experiment. From these results, we concluded that dynamic gaze cueing altered perceived motion direction, and we proposed the usefulness of our approach in exploring gaze perception in dynamic environments.

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Two studies analyzed the relationship between interdependent self-construal, competitive attitudes, emotional expression, coping, and subjective emotional reaction on sadness. This article reports the research carried out in 29 countries. These studies replicate previous research showing that people living in collectivist and high power distance contexts report low verbal expression, and low emotional intensity. Participants sharing collectivist self-construal and competitive attitudes reported more secondary coping (that is, self-modification or suppression reactions). However, only competitive attitudes were related to low verbal emotional expression and low subjective reactions. Participants answered questions related to a typical person and for their personal experience. Results suggest that cultural feelings and display norms can explain the stoical emotional personal style, since actual self-reported and general emotional knowledge patterns were similar. However, the association between coping and subjective reactions was stronger in the personal experience condition, suggesting that internal processes depend on norms less than open verbal behavior.

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