Intensive seedling production in nurseries progresses according to many factors including agricultural machinery developments, a farm worker's aging, and a labor shortage etc. During seedling production in a greenhouse, the growth of plants is greatly influenced by the change in natural radiation according to the weather or the season. For this reason, in seedling production it is difficult for a greenhouse to secure the necessary optical radiation environment stably throughout the year. So, artificial supplemental lighting is desirable in a nursery producing seedlings. The basic experiments concerning vegetable (lettuce and broccoli) seedling production with supplemental lighting were performed in a greenhouse. In addition, other experiments during the rainy and early spring seasons when the sunshine levels were low were conducted using both commercial and trial lamps. As a result, for the efficient / stable production of vegetable seedlings, supplemental lighting is indispensable. In addition the following factors were significant. (1) Supplemental lighting before sunrise is desirable, and may produce a 20 ∼ 30% or more promotion effect if employed for 2 hours before sunrise. (2) To acquire effective supplemental lighting, the PPFD should be more than 60 μmol m^-2s^-1. (3) In addition to the 400 ∼ 700 nm PAR wavelength region, an addition of 700 ∼ 800 nm far red radiation would be effective.

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It is important that both seedling production and the plants cultivated from them should be environmentally low-load from eco-engineering standpoint. In this study, we show the demands for fruit-vegetable grafted seedlings, the problems to be solved at producing them, and the technical trends on grafting. Then, we introduce the philosophy of Phytotechnology. Phytotechnology has been in progress toward academic and technological advancement for the development of new bio-production systems based on:- environmental protection, safety and high quality production and high productivity while saving costs. In line with this thinking, we show a project that the excellent farmer, the mechanical engineers and the plant physiological scientists have tackled. The project is to develop a production system for fruit-vegetable grafted seedlings using Plug-in method. Then, we introduce a concept for zero emission eco-farm. It is important to have adequate knowledge about an organism so that products can become friendly to the environment. Such knowledge makes low injection, efficient use and recycling of energy and materials realizable. Care and management of cultivation also become easy. The bio-production industry has to be attractive and economically feasible. But it should not be too profitable as to become independent as sustainable industry. It is important to evaluate bio-production systems with such a multidisciplinary and comprehensive strategy.

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The total annual production of Japan's fisheries fell to 6,130,000 t from 12,780,000 t during the years 1988 to 2001, because the annual production by coastal fisheries reduced by about half during the seven years from the year 1989. Therefore resource management of coastal fisheries, which require the sustainable reproduction of marine animals, is desired, and a high efficiency technology has to be developed for the production of microalgae as food for the seedlings of marine animals. The mass production of micro algae as food is greatly dominated by the photosynthetic activity of algae and the lighting conditions, within culture solution used. Hence a mass production system of microalgae using artificial lighting was developed. To save electrical consumption by lamps, the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) within the culture solution was increased by increasing the cell concentration of the solution. For the cultivation of oyster seedlings, we designed the Akkeshi-Cho Oyster Seedlings Research Center. In the Research Center, 12 million oyster seedlings per year were able to be cultivated by means of a mass production system which produced micro algae of 4 t solution (8.6×10⁶ cells ml^-1) per day, in 32 culture-solution tanks (one tank volume: 500 l) each.

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OKINAWA-MOZUKU, Cladosiphon okamuranus TOKIDA is an important edible alga which represents 90% of all production of MOZUKU. There are several species of edible brown algae. Cultivation of OKINAWA-MOZUKU was started in 1977. OKINAWA-MOZUKU is a zoospore easily obtained from the mother plant and has no preference of substrates for growth. These advantageous characteristics have been key to the success of MOZUKU cultivation. Establishment of the intermediate cultivation technique of setting the seed nets so as they touch the bottom, has made for rapid progress in cultivation. In recent years, the cultivation techniques have been improved by both researchers and members of the fishing industry. This report describes how these successes were achieved by involved in the work.

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High water use efficiency (WUE) is particularly important for the adaptation of plants to their environments when water is limited. The measurement of long-term plant WUE in the field is always difficult and destructive, therefore plant carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) is often used as a time-integrated surrogate estimate of WUE under several assumptions. One of the important assumptions is that the leaf-to-air vapour pressure differences (VPD) are similar among the plants being compared. So far there is lack of experimental data collected under controlled environment on the relationship between WUE and Δ under different VPDs. This study was designed to fill this gap. Seedlings of four conifer tree species (Pinus massoniana Lamb. var. massoniana, Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. var. tabulaeformis, Platycladus orientalis [Linn.] and Cunninghamia lanceolata [Lamb.] Hook) were grown in controlled environment chambers under four different air humidity (VPD of 2.4, 2.0, 1.6 and 1.2 kPa) for 4 weeks. Results showed that there was positive linear relationship between carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and WUE within each species for two species (P. massoniana and Platycladus orientalis), but no significant relationships for another two species (P. tabulaeformis and C. lanceolata).

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Nitrate removal enhancement by applying weak electric potential to the soil near the subsurface drainage in the field was theoretically investigated for numerical modeling. Ion movement in soils under simultaneous influence of hydraulic, electrical and chemical gradient was applied to investigate the capability of the nitrate removal enhancement through subsurface drainage system. The nitrate ion transportation equation was developed utilizing non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Onsagar's reciprocal relations were applied to reduce the number of linear phenomenological coefficients that relate applied driving forces (gradients) to fluxes. Then the coefficients were expressed using measurable or known physical, electrical and chemical properties of nitrate and porous media. Primary simulation results based on the derived equations were also shown by comparison of analytic solution of advection diffusion equation.

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This study investigated the effect of various waters on rice plant hydroponics. Tap water (Kumamoto city) had a significant influence on rice plant growth. Compared with distilled water, tap water suppressed plant length. Water treated with calcium rich Granite (Tetsuta village in Okayama) for 3 days effected the number of tillers and young panicles. The treated water was pH8.3 and showed electric conductivity (EC) 30 μS/cm and Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) 232 mV. The quantity of starch synthesis significantly differed between plants grown with distilled water and those grown with the treated water. These results suggest that changes in water quality affect photosynthesis.

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Low frequency noise has been recognized as an environmental noise problem. It has been reported that low frequency noise would adversely affect human mental performance and interfere with the normal immune response to infection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency that served as a stressor to Shiba goats and the response to sound in different species. Shiba goats and Donryu rats were used for the experiment. Sound waves from 50 to 4000 Hz were generated for 1 minute at increments of 10 Hz at 50, 70, and 90 dB, respectively. Also, sound waves from 4000 to 50 Hz were generated at decrements of 10 Hz at 50, 70, and 90 dB, respectively. While animals were exposed to these sounds, we observed their responses and counted the number of such reactions. The concentration of cortisol in saliva, heart rate and brain oxyecoia saturation of the goats were measured. In the goats, marked stress behavior was observed in the frequency band of 100-500 Hz. The presence of stress was supported by the results of measurement of cortisol concentration, heart rate and brain oxyecoia saturation. On the other hand, in the rats, no frequency band was identified that produced a remarkable response. The frequency band of 100-500 Hz seems to serve as a stressor to the goats.

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We developed a menu for Advanced Life Support (ALS), based on the cultivable crops list on the Closed Ecology Experiment Facilities (CEEF). Recipes of the menu were evaluated using indexes including acceptability, nutritional contents, fresh weight of necessary ingredients, necessary cultivation area of each crop, supplemental seasonings and spices. The results showed that Japanese subjects (n = 10-27) found most of the recipes acceptable. The necessary cultivation area to serve each recipe once a week varied from 0.03 m² to 11.85 m². Unexpectedly, the required area of each recipe did not correlate with energy (R² = 0.02). The most correlated nutrient was lipid (R² = 0.52). The menu was implemented in a pre-habitation experiment lasting for one week in the CEEF. Average food preparation time was more than 4 hours day^-1. These results contribute to development of the cycle-menu and plantation plan for ALS experiments and for future planetary mission planning.

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A linear programming model has been constructed to develop a cultivation plan for habitation experiments using 2 crews in Closed Ecological Experiment Facilities (CEEF) under constraints such as limited cultivation area and various nutritional requirements. An optimization has been done using productivity data from 26 crops and 4 processed ingredients which were obtained from cultivation experiments in the CEEF. Results showed that the optimized area was 129.14 m². This area was consistent with the practically utilizable area of the CEEF (86.09 % of 150 m²). Therefore feasibility of cultivation plan for habitation experiments was demonstrated because sufficient and not excessive nutrients could be provided for 2 crews from food production of the CEEF.

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In general, it is important to acquire the many training data for classifying the vegetation by supervised classification method using hyperspectral data, which has effective information for classification. However, in urban area, it is difficult to acquire the many training data because it is difficult to find out the large training area of each interest. In this study, a new method for classifying the vegetation using hyperspectral remotely sensed data was proposed in order to resolve the problem of training data in urban area and was also compared with conventional methods. As a result, it was found that the proposed method is effective for classifying vegetation using hyperspectral data in urban area.

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The sustainable society which is human race's target in the 21st century can be defined as pleasant sound ecologically and a peaceful society. However, it was admitted by IPCC that the main cause of global warming was artificial CO₂ emissions. Moreover, the simulation result that Global warming was not able to be prevented even if the regulation value of the Kyoto protocol was defended was reported. On the other hand, actualizing the peak and depletion of the world oil production is taken up as a problem in the energy resource. These suggest the problem's on the energy for the sustainable society coming near an extremely important phase for the human race. Reformed countermeasures are shown as follows.
a. Cooperated enlightenment activity execution of each country government for promotion of early paradigm change needed in converting society into soul valuing from material.
b. Setting of reduction target of CO₂ emissions volume which corresponds to atmospheric CO₂ concentration stabilized 450 ppm of the most effective in IPCC scenarios.
c. Reformed reduction in fossil fuel demand by which R&D, design and construction of sustainable society, legislation related, and new paradigm are assumed to be back up.

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