Based on a large studies, the granites may be divided into two petrogeno-mineralization series in Southern China. Series I (or Nanling Series) has following sequence of petrogenesis and minerlization: monzonitic granite (or granodiorite)→biotite granite→leucocratic granite→granoporphyry, Q-porphyry→intermediate-basic dikes; REE→Nb Ta (Li Rb Cs) Be Sn W Mo Bi As→Cu Zn Pb→Sb Hg U. Series II (or Yangtz Series): pyroxene diorite (rarely gabbro)→diorite, Q-diorite→granodiorite (Q-monzonite), monzonitic granite→granite→K-feldspar granite→granoporphyry, Q-porphyry (or orthophyry, Q-orthophyry)→intermediate basic dikes; Fe→Cu (Au)→Mo (W)→Zn Pb→Pb (Ag).
The material source for Series I granites was mainly derived from remelting continental crust, but it can not be ruled out that a little amount of mantle-derived material had made contribution to Series I, and that for Series II was primarily connected with deep crust- or upper mantle-derived material, but contamination by small amount of crust material is possible. To bear this knowledge in mind, the following facts are taken into consideration: the geological characteristics, the bulk petrochemical composition, biotite composition, accessory mineral assemblage, trace elements and volatile in whole rock and in accessory mineral, inclusion temperature, content of Ptgroup elements, δEu, δO¹⁸, δS³⁴ and initial Sr (Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶) ratio. Moreover, these two petrogenetic series correspond to two mineralization series. Each petrogenetic series and each mineralization series are characterized by the inheritance evolution. Consequentely, the concept of series and petrogeno-mineralization model can be suggested.

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The Kamioka mining area, one of the largest zinc and lead producing area in Japan, includes two large mines; the Tochibora and Mozumi mines. The main Zn-Pb deposits are of skarn type, replacing crystalline limestone embedded in gneiss and migmatites of Hida metamorphic rocks. Besides the skarn type deposits, some minor mineralizations of other types and associated alterations are also present in the Kamioka mining area. This paper describes the alteration of post-skarnization of the Tochibora mine and discusses its geological implications. Dominant alteration mineralogy is: (1) hastingsite (potassian hastingsite), sodic plagioclase (An8-28), potassium feldspar, sericite and fluorite; (2) actinolite and fluorite; and (3) biotite, hastingsite±, sodic plagioclase (An20-30), potassium feldspar and fluorite. Migmatites and skarns are altered into above mineralogy, and product assemblage of the alteration is dependent on the original rock; hastingsite from migmatite (pyroxene monzonitic migmatite called "Isnishi migmatite") and actinolite from hedenbergite skarn. Occurrence of different amphiboles seems to be controlled by the aluminum content of the original rock. Such alteration is observed extensively around molybdenite-bearing granite porphyry intrusives near the Tochibora mine. Molybdenite-bearing veinlet exclusively occurs in and around the altered rock. These observations suggest that this alteration might correspond to potassic alteration zone commonly observed in and around porphyry molybdenum deposits.

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The equations of heat conduction are numerically solved for two kinds of artificial freezing-traditional freezing and liquid nitrogen freezing. Both methods of ground freezing have been used in China for unstable, water-bearing strata.
In this paper a two-dimensional finite difference model simulating the freezing field is developed. The procedure introduces a way to simulate the effect of latent heat released when water undergoes a phase transformation from liquid to solid, and a way to calculate the harmonic mean of heat conductivity used when dealing with heterogeneous material.
The theoretically derived temperature distributions in frozen soil are given in detail and compared with measured data. Realizing that the equation of heat conduction is difficult to solve analytically and that the laborious task of temperature measurements in situ, the numerical method and the computer simulation presented here are expected to be useful for continued research in frozen soil and shaft freezing technology.

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The recently proposed "PUMOS" hypothesis (KAJIWARA, 1982, 1983a; KAJIWARA and HIRAYAMA, 1983) advocates that the kuroko deposits were originated primarily by the mean settling-flux of biogenic entities in the ocean, i.e., the PUMOS (primitive undifferentiated metalliferous organic sediment). The "PUMOS" hypothesis is highly successful in explaining the long-unanswered problem of the restricted time-space distribution of the kuroko deposits. The results of the present study would be also important as exploration guides for hidden kuroko deposits. Conclusions reached by this study are as follows.
(1) The time span of the formation of the kuroko deposits is correlative with that of the existence of an oxic-anoxic stratified seawater system in the proto-Japan Sea that is vitally important for accumulation of the PUMOS. The upper and lower limit of this time interval are delimited by PFSS (planktonic foraminiferal sharp surface) and FSL (foraminiferal sharp line), respectively, which are two distinct foraminiferal biostratigraphic transition lines in the late Nishikurosawa stage defined by MAIYA and INOUE (1981) (KAJIWARA, 1983b).
(2) The upper limit may also be recognizable by the regional appearance of "oxidizing red beds", which indicates the disappearance of the stratified seawater system.
(3) Recognition of the lower limit is usually difficult in volcanic areas, and age determinations of the volcanics would be the only reliable way. The fact that FSL coincides with the boundary of BLOW'S N9 and N10 suggests that 14.5±0.5 Ma should be the lower limit of the metallogenic epoch of kuroko deposits.
(4) The fact that the kuroko-bearing local basins are restricted within the general submarine topographic highs, with none being located in the general topographic lows, in the proto-Japan Sea is explained by that dense accumulation of the PUMOS can take place only in topographic highs where the supply of detrital material is minimal.
(5) The "PUMOS" hypotheis suggests that local basins that are surrounded by stratiform manganese deposits would be the most promising exploration targets for kuroko deposits.
(6) From the concept of the diagenetic chemical differentialion of PUMOS (KAJIWARA and HIRAYAMA, 1983), it is postulated that the existence of some effective "sealing rocks" which covered the proto-kuroko deposits in a short time after their formation would be necessary for preservation of the kuroko deposits.
(7) In contrast to the traditional hypotheses for the genesis of kuroko deposits, the "PUMOS" hypothesis persists that magmatic and hydrothermal activities would tend to act as destroying processes for kuroko deposits.

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It is well known that the Circum-Pacific belt contains major metallogenic tungsten provinces in the world. There are many similarities among them as they are most likely related to the subduction processes at the margin of the Pacific plate. However, the different environments of formation resulted in different type of deposits between the various Circum-Pacific tungsten provinces. The geological environment of tungsten deposits in SE China may exist in other parts of the world, in which case a detailed description would be more useful for explorers.
China is one of the most important tungsten producing countries in the world. Tungsten minerals are predominantly concentrated in the SE continental margin of China where vein-type deposits are characterized by "5-floor-building" structural pattern according to structure, morphology, and vertical zonations of gangue and ore mineralization. Ore deposits are intimately associated with various ages of granite formation, of which the Yanshanian period (76-150 Ma) is the most significant granite formation. The W-bearing magma is thought to be mainly related to a subduction plate and partial melting, though it is possible that sedimentary rocks may also be controlling the location of the tungsten deposits. The continental boundaries are associated with extreme uplifts and with relatively young granite intrusions. These are the fundamental conditions in searching for tungsten resources in SE China.

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