SOSHIOROJI
Online ISSN : 2188-9406
Print ISSN : 0584-1380
ISSN-L : 0584-1380
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Volume 43, Issue 3
Issue 134
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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  • “Yushi Sensei”
    The Introduction of Mill's Thought on Bureaucracy into Japan in Early Meiji Era
    Zentaro SAWADA
    1999 Volume 43 Issue 3 Pages 3-18,146
    Published: February 28, 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: November 02, 2016
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14959/soshioroji.43.3_3
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    　Until Weber's study appeared, the most systematic thought on the bureaucracy was found in J. S. Mill's On liberty and Considerations on Representative Government. Though Mill's works were translated into Japanese in early Meiji era, his concept of bureaucracy was frequently misunderstood by the Japanese translators in those days. That is, where Mill discussed the troubles of the administrative bureaucracy as a whole body, the Japanese translators used to interpret them as being brought about by one or few influential who controlled the bureaucratic system arbitrarily.
    　Such a misunderstanding of the concept was also found in the petition submitted by Taisuke Itagaki, Taneomi Soejima, Shojiro Gotfi, Shinpei Eto and others to the government in 1874, proposing the establishmement of an elected house. Their zeal for the representative government and their criticism of the "Yushi Sensei" (the despotism of the administrative officers) were inspired by Considerations on Representative Government. However, the implications of the "Yushi Sensei" were rather different from Mill's discussions on the bureaucracy.
    　Probably, these misundestandings were brought about by the premature state of the administrative bureaucracy in early Meiji era and by the past tradition which was attached to the education of Chinese Confucian classics.
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  • Problems of Positivism
    Epistemological Critique and its Ontological Significance
    Yusuke MATSUURA
    1999 Volume 43 Issue 3 Pages 19-34,145
    Published: February 28, 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: November 02, 2016
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14959/soshioroji.43.3_19
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    　Since Descartes, problems of method have been of fundamental importance for rational thinking. Modern intellectual history (especially after Hegel) might be characterized as a process in which the importance of methodological consideration has gradually increased. This process, which can be illustrated by many of trends in the history of thoght from materialism to phenomenology or structuralism, has been closely connected with the condition of modernity under which the rational subject loses its ability to find any absolute ground for its exisistence in the world. In this process, method becomes critically important to clarify the relationship between thinking and being. This means that methodological reflection necessarily leads to ontological considerations as well as epistemological ones.
    　This is also the case with science. As K. Popper said, uniformity of science is in its method, not in its theory. The most representative method in science, 'positivism', has been criticised in many ways especially since the 1960s. But the criticisms have almost always paid attention only to the methodological or epistemological dimensions of this method and neglected the ontological one.
    　In this article, I classify three types of criticisms against positivism. 1. critique from the standpoint of Kulturwissenscaft, which in this case can be represented by Weber. 2. the ideological critique of the Frankfurt School. 3. epistemological critique from the standpoint of philosophy of science which is ultimately examplified by Bachelard and Wittgenstein. Here the third one is regarded as the most significant because only this makes it possible to examine the fundamental supposition of positivism, whereas the two former do not.
    　Ontological meaning extracted from these critiques includes the negation of the ideal of scientist as a rational subject and recognition of contradictions between logic and experience as an inevitable condition for rational beings.
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  • “Neue Unsicherheit” in an Age of Globalization
    The Problem of Decision and Control in Risk Society
    Eiji KAWANO
    1999 Volume 43 Issue 3 Pages 35-51,144
    Published: February 28, 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: November 02, 2016
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14959/soshioroji.43.3_35
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    　In this article, I examine how a modern society could deal with Neue Unsicherheit in an age of globalization. Under the conditions of contingency, all decision contains risk. According to Luhmann, the risk is a damage caused by one's own decision, while danger is a damage caused by decision of others. This circulation of risk and danger is expanding in the contemporary society. And Luhmann and Japp identify modern society with risk society.
    　However, in my views, this definition of risk is not sufficient to explain the notion of risk society. The specificity of risk society is the limit of insurability. The contemporary risk is global, and not covered by the Welfare State because the current social security system is based on the principle of insurance.
    　The ecological and economic globalization is breaking the basis of established 'insurance society'. However, in the process of globalization, the solidarity of civil society is expanding with the growth of danger.
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  • The Creative Factor in Cooperative Relationships in a Local Community
    From the Experience of an Environmental Issue in Tokushima
    Satoshi IDO
    1999 Volume 43 Issue 3 Pages 53-70,143
    Published: February 28, 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: November 02, 2016
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14959/soshioroji.43.3_53
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    　The purpose of this paper is to understand the creative power within the local community more profoundly by observing the process of cooperative relationship. The relationships of cooperation have arisen out of the common experience and remembrance of each member of the community.
    　Former studies have not given sufficient attention to the subtle fluidity of the thought processes of each person, nor have these former studies of environmental issues indicated the creative process of cooperative relationship. These studies, mainly through the investigation to the inhabitants in the local community, have developed an optimistic perspective without regarding the dynamism in the powerful strength to gather each person around the common intersection.
    　In order to demonstrate the subtle fluidity of thought processes, I have described personal experiences common to each member of the community. Understanding that will clearly illustrate the meaning of the performing agent. Furthermore it will demonstrate the relationship of the hidden power of operation and power of normalization. By examining these points, the function of the creativity in cooperative relationships, reuniting the community and each member, is analyzed. These images of local society which emerge show the power of manipulation, and allow us to think about the meaning of regional society in new terms.
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