The utilization of regional space for sport causes conflicts in different places. Previous studies have been focusing on conflict/agreement about the utilization of regional space. There, the relationship of the actors is understood as monothetic, and therefore it is very hard to get a precise image about them. This study tries to exemplify the comprehensive reality of the utilization of regional space for sport. The case study presented in this research investigates the relationship between fishermen and surfers in Kamogawa city, Chiba prefecture. The study accurately describes social background of all actors in precise chronological order. It also investigates the environment perception of each actor, respectively. As a result, people in this study have been constructing “relationships for daily life standard” assisting each other in order to make a living in spite of the conflict situation in the phase of the utilization of regional space. This study argues that we have to broaden our scope to secure “livelihood” which is one of the most basic elements of our daily existence.

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A purpose of this paper is to reconstruct an idea of “attribution conflict” in risk sociology implicated by Niklas Luhmann and to clarify its significance in the “Post-Fukushima” era in Japan. First, this paper distinguishes two different aspects of Luhmann’s distinction of danger and risk and clarifies two core perspectives derived from them. On the one hand, “attribution analysis” focuses on under which social conditions attribution of danger becomes valid or is transformed to attribution of risk and vice versa. On the other hand, “analysis of risk evaluation conflict” focuses on how social conflicts over risk evaluation between decision-maker and those affected occur and proceed. Subsequently, it will be pointed out that the idea of attribution conflict as third perspective in Luhmann’s risk sociology remains unclear even in his articles within risk sociology and thus has not been focused in previous studies.Second, this paper attempts to reconstruct the idea by focusing his articles not only in risk sociology but also outside of it. In “Social Systems” (1984), Luhmann discussed more clearly on a situation of attribution conflict derived from attribution error between actor and observer based on social psychological attribution theory. And his general discussion can be transformed into context of risk sociology. As a result of transformation, it will be clarified that attribution conflict over risk and danger can arise from the fact that decision-maker tend to perceive (attribute) its own risk as natural or artificial danger and to impose his responsibility on natural events or others, while those affected sometimes tend to perceive apparently natural danger as its own danger, that is, risk derived from others as decision-maker. Finally, this paper concludes that further development of the theory of attribution conflict becomes more important in the “Post-Fukushima” era. It’s because several actors in Japanese society differently perceive the causes of and responsibilities for Fukushima nuclear disaster (for example, Tsunami, earthquake, human error of electric power company or mistake of Japanese nuclear power policy, etc.), and thus the attribution conflict seems to be caused in Japan in reality.

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The purpose of this article is to clarify the changes in the division of household labor and the structure of housework between husbands and wives in Japan using nationwide survey data. In recent years, work-life balance policies have been promoted in Japan and men’s working hours have been reduced. Therefore, it is believed that the division of housework between husband and wife has become more equal. To ensure gender equality in the future, it is important to understand the factors encouraging or preventing equality in the division of household labor. In previous studies, several theories, which can be described as the demands hypothesis, relative resources hypothesis, time constraints hypothesis, and gender ideology hypothesis, have been presented as explaining the determinants of who does housework. In this study, I explore two factors—women’s work outside their home and gender role attitudes—and their relationship with the division of housework. This is intended to test the hypothesis derived from feminism and proposed by the dual labor market theory. Through analyses using the second and third Japanese national family surveys (NFRJ03 and 08), we find that gender equality in the home has advanced slightly. The increased number of wives with regular employment appears to have caused the proportion housework done by husbands to increase by 2003. However, by 2008 the gender role attitudes of wives appeared to have a greater effect on the division of housework.In summary, the position of men and women in the labor market has been made equal as a result of social change, but because of the continuing influence of gender role attitudes, it seems that equality of housework burdens does not yet accompany this gender equality in the workforce.

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This study examined how teachers use their narrative strategies by young children who is difficult to tell a story alone. We shed light on teachers’ unconscious expertise by exploring the collaboratively formed narrative processes between young children and teacher. The objectives of this study are to explore narrative strategies that story recipients use to control tellers in interactions. The subjects of this study were collected on conversation between young children and teacher about children’s drawings at nursery school. Develop- mental psychology suggests that young children cannot tell stories well, but we suggest that nursery teachers utilize narrative strategies to support young children’s storytelling. We conducted a preliminary study to observe classes for children between 0 and 5 years of age, and classes for 2- and 4-year-olds were selected for this study. The data used for analysis included interactions between teachers and children and were collected by observing these classes. We quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed the interactional process between teachers and young children, paying attention to the teachers’ strategies for listening to the children’s narratives. As a result of the quantitative analysis, we identified five narrative strategies that teachers used to listen to the children’s stories, and as a result of the qualitative analysis, we explored how teachers control young children by using narrative strategies in interpretive practice. Nursery teachers made full use of narrative strategies for two purposes. One was to convert the 2-year-old children’s words into narrative (i.e., narrative strategy I ). Another was to convert the 2-year-old children’s narratives into stories (i.e., narrative strategy II ). The contribution of this article was two-fold: first, to investigate the story recipient’s narrative strategy, and second, to develop a new procedure for mixed methods in narrative approach.

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Though various measures for gender equality have been taken in Japanese ural society since the 1990s, gender asymmetry still remains. Gender division of abor in family farming is one of the important issues for gender equality in rural ociety. Generally, male farmers use agricultural machinery and female farmers ngage in subsidiary work in family farming. Though the connection between gricultural machinery and masculinity are the main factors of gender division f labor in previous studies, other factors are focused on in this study. I focus n power relations in farm family, relationships among farmers in villages, and elationships between farmers and agricultural machinery companies. Intentions nd behaviors of farmers, especially male farmers, in their agricultural labor re described and analyzed. I conducted fieldwork in Kojo Village, Okayama ity, Okayama Prefecture and interviewed farmers and agricultural machinery alesmen at JA (Japan Agricultural Cooperative) about agricultural mechanization nd the change of farm labor. The use of agricultural machinery reflects a male-dominated system in arm families and relationships among farmers in villages. As a result, male armers mainly use agricultural machinery and female farmers purposely avoidgricultural machinery. Agricultural machinery companies develop and diffuse gricultural machinery in a manner that reflects those relationships, and gender elations in family farming are reproduced. These factors maintain gender division f labor in family farming. Gender division of labor penalizes men and women in arm family. Agricultural machinery originally retains the potential to change gender elations, but in order for it to exert it’s potential, it is necessary to recognize arious relations, particularly those related to gender and power, that are ncorporated into technologies.

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