The aim of this paper is to show the process of constructing the image of gendered women through a critical analysis of newspaper articles on a female Judo athlete, Noriko Narazaki, who participated in the Atlanta Olympics, the World Judo Championships, and the Sydney Olympics. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1) The newspaper articles studied described Narazaki as always being encouraged in her athletic achievements by a certain man. This person was her father when she was single. Since her marriage this person has been her husband. 2) After her marriage, titles such as Mrs. and Housewife (Shufu) were often attached to Narazaki's name in newspaper headlines. This use of gender terms implied that Narazaki was heterosexist. 3) By this use of gender terminology, it became clear that a new gender role assignment, i.e., that women have responsibility both for their careers and domestic work has been constructed by these newspaper articles. In them Narazaki was expected to play a mother's and wife's role as well as achieve significantly in sports. 4) These articles, which downplayed or trivialized women's athletic achievements, were written by male reporters. Through these articles an image of female athletes who had no objection to patri­archy has been constructed. 5) In contrast, women reporters described female athletes as self-reliant, independent women.

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This paper discusses gender relations in the context of boat racing in which both male and female players compete together. This situation is used as an example of partially equal gender relations, as seen by post-structuralism gender theory. This theory perceives the physical sexual differences between men and women as being created differences. Even in this situation where mixed competition is achieved, gender differences still exist. Examples include regarding physical sexual differences between males and females as being absolute differences, the system in which the women's league competition is separated from the mainstream boat races, and the tendency of the media to feature female players in a manner unrelated to the actual racing. In short, there is no system that assures the equality and fairness of the results. Therefore, gender equality in the form of mixed competition does not necessarily assure equal gender relations in other areas. In order to establish equal gender relations in sport, at least gender-based differences in participations in competitions must be eliminated, and a system to maintain the equality and fairness of competition results must be established. The issue of treating all players equally, regardless of gender, remains to be resolved in each competitive sporting arena.

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Although the ratio of women teachers in general to men has increased with the advance of women in society, the ratio of women PE teachers to men has not increased for the past 20 years. This is caused by sexism in PE teacher employment regardless of qualification. A gender-based subculture exists in the field of school physical education which is in contradiction of the school culture that has promoted a gender-equal education. The purpose of this study is to discuss the gender subculture in the society of physical educators through interviews with women PE teachers in Japanese high schools. As the result of the interviews with five women PE teachers in five schools in various areas in the H Prefecture, five factors that form the gender subculture in the society of physical educators were identified. Three of these are Gender Order, Women as sport epigone, and Bureaucratic organization as being the spirit carried over from original sport culture, and the remaining two of them are Persistence to dominant school culture and Excessive sense of mission as the raison d'etre of physical education in schools.

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The Interntaional Olympic Committee (IOC) repeatedly discussed restriction of women's part1cipation in the Olympic Games at the various meetings, including the Executive Committee, Annual Sessions and an Olympic Congress from 1928 to 1932. In one of these meetings, the 9th Olympic Congress in 1930, some studies have interpreted the discussions and decisions in several ways. The purpose of this study is to examine the internal conflict of the IOC in the 9th Olympic Congress and the advocacy of the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) on women's participation around 1930. The main historical materials used are the proceedings of the 9th Olympic Congress and the correspondence written by J. S. Edstrӧm, the then president of the IAAF. The result of this study are summarized as follows: 1) In the 9th Olympic Congress, the restriction on women's participation in the Olympic Games was supported by the Executive Committee of the I OC taking the initiative of Baillet Latour. However, other participants who were representatives of International Federation (IF) or National Olympic Committee (NOC) judged women's participation more affirmatively. 2) As the president of the IAAF, J. S. Edstrӧm declared the positive advocacy of women's participation, especially in the athletic (track and field) events, when the IOC decided the official program of 1932 Los Angeles Olympics. 3) After repeated discussion by the IOC, following expression of support by the IAAF, the critical opinions of the IOC gradually diminished. 4) The interpretation of the correspondence written by J. S. Edstrӧm suggested that the grounds for the advocacy on women's participation were formed by the influence of rivalry between IFs.

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