This paper validates the application possibility of the concept of “homosociality” from fieldwork in a sport organization and also establishes a connection that misogyny and homophobia cannot capture. The data are based on the author's fieldwork conducted from March through December 2011 with the Japanese X University American football team. “Homosociality,” which Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick depicted in Between Men (1985), features “misogyny” and “homophobia.” However, those features started in modem Western society, so if applied to the analysis of relational structures in an organization, analytic views that focus on the treatment of “sexuality” are necessary. When focused on the data from summer training camp, which relate to the relationships among team members both in and out of training, different observations between the current 31st team and the 28th team were confirmed. In the 28th team, sexuality was “restrained” during out-of-training situations, and a relational structure existed with hierarchy and abusive language and violent behavior. On the other hand, in the 31st team, sexuality was “managed” during training situations, and there was an equivalent relational structure; no negative feelings like disgust or hatred appeared, at least on the surface. Thus, homosociality can be applied to relational structure analysis of organizations by focusing on “sexuality.” Furthermore, it is possible to depict the new concept of “managed” sexuality without features of misogyny or homophobia. In addition to the result above, by confirming the process of creating this new sociality, the influencer of the change is the “advancement of women” and “men's liberation from gender norms.” Additionally, because a female observer could not enter certain spaces, methodological limitations based on gender also appeared.

抄録全体を表示

The Annual East Japan Women's Ekiden or long-distance relay was held in November, 2011. The race course was about sixty kilometers away from the Fukushima No.1 Nuclear Power Plant, which had had a nuclear accident. There was a concern over radiation in the area and many protested against the race in which the teenagers run without any protection against radiation. Opposing and supporting discourses intensified on websites, with some referring to the race as “Death Ekiden”, “Running Himeyuri Students” and so forth, while the organizers emphasized their intent to support the recovery of the disaster-hit area. This research aims to explore and understand gender politics in both advocating and criticizing discourses, beyond the specific controversy over the Fukushima Women's Ekiden. The supporting discourse and opposing discourse may seem to stand in contrast, but the structure to dominate women is found to be similar. The girl runners are voicelessly incorporated into the political desires of “Kizuna (bond) for reconstruction” and “Contribution of sport to reconstruction” or they are narrated from paternalistic viewpoints as girls who need to be helped by the “humanitarian” opponents. In both of the discourses, however, the voices of female runners are muted and not heard.

抄録全体を表示

The previous study (Matsumiya, 2010) clarified the course and background of the formulation of rules for women in mixed martial arts through interviews with those in charge of formulating those rules. Those involved in the formulation devised the rules taking into account such factors as the extent of facial damage incurred by women due to injury. It has not been clarified, however, whether or not women athletes who engage in competitions under these rules consider the rules specifically for women to be valid. In this study, the author clarifies the requirements for the validity of rules seen from the perspective of athletes through interviews with women athletes. Those who formulated the rules for women did so setting them at a relatively low level so that capabilities would not be impaired during the lifetime of the athletes, including after retirement, reflecting the approach of “eliminating risk.” Meanwhile, the athletes seek to expand their own capabilities from the approach of “overcoming risk” by enhancing physical abilities in their particular sport. In order to respect capabilities seen from the perspective of the athletes, there is a need to provide venues for competition that do not deprive them of opportunities for free choice. The author suggests the acceptance of the pound (punching to the head and face of grounded opponent) in the rules for women. Participation by women in mixed martial arts further refines the competition format as a sport and enables a reevaluation of the value of competing as a sport. It is thus necessary to give consideration to the capabilities of the athletes.

抄録全体を表示

This research was conducted through a questionnaire concerning the activity environments of adult female athletes registered with a football association. The survey sample was 174 adult female soccer athletes registered with the Aichi Football Association (AIFA). The purposes of the research are to identify the issues that the athletes face when they continue playing soccer, what their views on future activities are, and current conditions of their participation in soccer. It is hoped that this research will lead to an expansion of the sports in which women can participate, rather than promotion and advancement of women's soccer. The survey results revealed that (1) the athletes are relatively young, are employed, and are unmarried, (2) the athletes have a strong awareness concerning soccer and of the quality of their relationships with other team members and teams, and (3) many of the athletes plan to continue their involvement in soccer as players. Based on these results, it can be concluded that for women to engage in soccer as a lifetime sport, the development of environments that allow for enjoyable matches and the creation of social environments that facilitate participation by a diverse range of women (including married women, women with children, and older women) are necessary. The most basic of measures would be expanding and improving competitions. In order to develop and environment that is amenable to participation by married women, it is necessary to learn from the examples of progressive measures taken to support the participation of housewives in volleyball and basketball.

抄録全体を表示

Tackling the Gender gaps has been one of the main development issues. Many development projects have targeted women for the improvement of their livelihood, especially through women's income generating projects. It is however revealed that women's cash earning does not always bring the improvement of women's well-being within a household. Some men may withdraw economic contribution to household, others may abuse their wives. In this paper, I would like to examine how development projects have addressed gender issues which grassroots women have been facing, and what kind of impacts have been made through a case of a development project which aimed at improving livelihoods of grassroots women in Northern Nigeria. The research found that the development project has made changes to women in terms of acquiring income generating skills, starting economic activities with the acquired skills and economic contribution to household. In addition, women become self-confident and socialized through their activities. Those women's changes have brought changes to their husbands as well. The husbands recognize that the economic contribution of their wives is important to fulfill household needs. They also perceive that their wives become socialized and have enough knowledge and information concerning their everyday life, so that the husbands are willing to consult with their wives on issues within household unlike before. In general, development projects concerning income generation are evaluated by economic aspects. However, as this case indicated, the impacts of project have social aspects. Gender gaps exist even within a household. One intervention is not enough to solve the complexity of gender issues, and it should be tackled by comprehensive and long-term assistances.

抄録全体を表示

The purpose of this study is to examine two questions, first, whether the concept of 'modem sport' can be accepted by diverse women in diverse cultures and societies, and second, whether 'modem sport' can adopt itself to diversity of women and culture. The study considers these questions relevant to 'development' in broad sense. To fulfill the purpose, the relationship between Islamic women and 'modem sport' (especially competitive sport in international games) is examined because Islamic culture and culture of 'modem sport' are different. That is to say, 'modern sport' has several essential attributes, one of them is to release the participants' body and soul, and another is that athletes be clothed as lightly as possible to allow them to demonstrate their great ability and performance. On the other hand, Islamic women particularly those who practice strict forms of Islam, their bodies completely. The volume of cloth they must use to cover their body depends on the policy of their countries or region or their personal Islamic philosophy. Therefore it is important to consider how the 'modem sport', which was produced as a part of European culture, can be reconciled with Islamic women's view of body and soul which grew out of Islamic society. The conclusion of the study is as follows: 1) Islamic women could participate in 'modem sport' without their veil, if they or their countries accept their being unveiled. 2) Islamic women could participate in 'modern sport' wearing their veil, because Islamic women generally feel comfortable wearing the veil. 3) In case 2), international committees for each event should try to find a new way that Islamic women can demonstrate their own best performance since being veiled might hinder their performance depending on the event: for example, artistic sport, swimming, martial arts and so on. The above matters should be discussed and examined by each international committee. In addition, it is important that the members of each international committee are chosen with regard for gender and national/regional balance.

抄録全体を表示

New method and area of development are decided to put in place for Millennium Development Goals, MDGs which is published in the context of UN Development Decade. International Development through Sport, IDS is also one of the areas to ensure that meet in past accumulating development priorities in MDGs, and it was established United Nation Office on Sport for Development and Peace, UNOSDP after issued MDGs. Undertake a role of research and study for IDS in UNOSDP called “Sport for Development and Peace International Working Group (SDP IWG)” are divided IDS concept into 6 different categories in their report, such as Sport and “Health”, “Child & Youth”, “Gender”, “Person with disabilities”, “Peace”, and “Cross-cutting issue”. When focusing on the role of IDS for gender solution, the report shows 1) Understanding of reproductive health, 2) Information sharing of illegal drug use, 3) Women's and girls' self-esteem and self-empowerment, as well as 4) Social inclusion and social integration of women and girls, 5) Challenging and transforming gender norms. Gender issues achievement through IDS need not only empowering the resources by (1) directly concerned project, but also (2) combined concerning project with social and community based approach. Many case-studies of IDS showed both type projects undertake important roles to be achieve above-mentioned items by typical merit of each approach. Conquest of gender issues need to cultivate the soil to be breeding ground of gender mainstreaming, and it is an aims to embody only through promoting awareness and knowledge of all stakeholders. Additionally, social capital is the most important key to enrich the soil of community. Therefore it concludes that research and practice which contains social capital have strong potential for overcoming gender issue.

抄録全体を表示