Contents
Chapter 1. Meanings and Conditions of Supplementary Articles
Chapter 2. Varieties of Supplementary Articles and Observationson Them
Chapter 3. Concluding Remarks … Internal Products and Imports from Abroad
Chapter 1. Meanings and Conditions of Supplementary Articles
Considered from an archaeological standpoint, it will be seen that the burial practice with supplementary articles beside a person's body is a frequent phenomenon throughout the ancient world. A marked tendency to this was seen in the so-called Tomb Period (from the third century to the seventh century of the Christian Era) in ancient Japan.
There are some differences of opinion among archaeological scholars about supplementary articles beside a person's body as follows: (1) as a supplement to the difficulties of the life in the after-world without his or her daily necessaries while alive, or as a supplement to the act of terminating the pollution by death. Considered from the burial of“ground-buying coupon”(bai-chi-ken) (Figs. 2 and 3) with a person's body, there appears to be no doubt about his or her secondary life in the after-world, from thoughtful consideration of the family of the deceased. Accordingly, it would seem perhaps most fitting to say that there is little difference in the kinds and arrangement of the supplementary articles among ancient tombs, if any difference in their period and structure (Figs. 4-8, Pls. 1-9).
Chapter 2. Varieties of Supplementary Articles and Observations on Them
As supplementary articles contain a variety of their kind and type, I think, though there is little time to explain them minutely, I want to classify them into seven groups as follows: (1) daily necessaries (Pls. 10-15), (2) accessories to a dress (Figs. 9-11, Pls. 16-21), (3) mirrors (Fig. 12, Pls. 22-26) (4) weapons and horse-equipments (Figs. 13 and 14, Pls. 27-34), (5) tools (Pl. 35), (6) clay figures (haniwa) (Pl. 39), and (7) tomb inscriptions and inkstones (Pl. 40). From the above-mentioned examples which have been found from ancient Japanese tombs, it is generally acknowledged that some of the mirrors may have been founded in the Asiatic Continent, jade bowl at Plates 14 and 15 may have been made in the Western countries beyond China, and some of the long swords may also have been introduced from China or Korea, shown at Plates 27 and 28.
In ancient Japan, people imitated the way of manufacture and produced articles with new conception, such as mirrors which are called“imitation mirrors”(boseikyo) by archaeological scholars. In home-manufactured articles, the so-called Haji Ware (haji-no-utsuwa), Sue Ware (sue-no-utsuwa) shown at Plate 10-13, and, swords and armors shown at Plates 29-33 had been produced enormously.
Chapter 3. Concluding Remarks…Internal Products and Imports from Abroad
Such a large quantity of daily necessaries had been manufactured to supply a demand of the masses of those days, and expensive articles had been imported to supply a demand of the high-bred persons. Considered from general phenomena as a basic principle of ancient industrial society, we may truthfully say that cultural changes in the Tomb Period had been performed constantly together with Continental influences.

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Coins were minted in Sado during the years from 1714 to 1741 and also from 1771 to 1781.
In the first half of the 18th century, especially from 1738, for 7 or 8 years, on, coinage was thriving. It was due to the rise in monetary value caused by recoinage and to the shortage of volume of coins in circulation caused by laying up. The case was the same with Sado, and mineworkers were so much hindered from working at gold and silver mines, that necessity for coinage was greatly cried for.
Since 1714, coins were minted first by Edo merchants and then by Aikawa merchants, but the coinage could not be continued any more than 2 years and a half.
Under the administration of Sado-bugyo-sho (Magistrate Office) during the years from 1717 to 1734, it was planned to mint coins to the amount of 10, 000kan a year (in fact, 9, 600kan, according to the customary rule to pass 96mon for 100mon [ku-roku-ho: ninety six-rule] observed at that time), but real output was only 60 percent or less then 60 percent of the planned amount.
In 1734, an application for coinage made by Aikawa merchants was admitted, but their program did not make good progress as prearranged owing to a shortage of copper. Thus, in 1740, they had to take a temporary expedience to mint iron coins.
During the years from 1771 to 1781, five Aikawa merchants carried forward a plan to mint coins to the amount of 10, 000kan a year. Though until that time the copper from Sado had exclusively been used as a material, together with tin and lead, for coinage, on that occasion it was per-minted to purchase copper from Osaka-doza (the Osaka Copper Refinement, Collection and Delivery Agency). But actual amount of coinage was as before less than 60 percent of the planned one.
The copper production in Sado was known as early as in the middle of the 17th century, and until the middle of the 18th century, the Tsurushi pit (Sawada-town) and later the Torigoe pit belonging to the Aikawa mine ranked among the principal copper mining places.
Around 1714, when coinage started, the output of copper from the Tsurushi pit was said to have reached 43, 750kin a year, but after that year on the output began to decrease. After the suspension of coinage in Sado, copper was sold to Osaka-doza. We can give almost all the figures of annual output of copper of those days, from which we understand that 38, 665kin in 1797 was maximum.
The copper from Sado was called Shibori-do (unwrought copper), from which Haifuki-gin (refined silver) and Suji-kin (refined gold) were obtained by means of Namban-buki (smelting) method. In Sado, Shibori-do was usually refined into re-Sibori-do by the same method of Namban-buki, and was sold to Osaka-doza until about 1818. But probably with the smelting process in Sado it was not enough to fill the need of Osaka-doza, because it was usual that Shibori-do and re-Shibori-do from Sado were refined again at Osaka-smelter.

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