Transactions of Japan Society of Spring Engineers

Behavior of Retained Austenite on Spring Steel

Takayuki SAKAKIBARA

1993 Volume 1993 Issue 38 Pages 1-6
Published: March 31, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5346/trbane.1993.1

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Behavior of retained asutenite spring steel was investigated. Until now it might not be worthy of notice because it disappears in the process of tempering. But in case more Si is added to improve the sag resistance and tempering temperatures are lowered to raise the strength, retained austenite might remain at service conditions.
It was found that retained austenite transformed at the process of charpy impact test and shot peening in this study by well known strain induced transformation.

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Effect of Alloying Elements on Sag Resistance for Cold Coild Springs

Atsushi SUGIMOTO, Osamu NAKANO, Makoto KAWAGOE, Yatsuka TAKATA, Shiger ...

1993 Volume 1993 Issue 38 Pages 7-11
Published: March 31, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5346/trbane.1993.7

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Adding some alloying elements to Si-Mn Spring Steel SUP7 (JIS G 4801), we investigated the influence of the alloying elements on sag resistance for cold coiled springs. The result showed that Si, Mn and N were effective for sag resistance to lead to an optimal chemical composition, 0.6C-2.0Si-1.3Mn-0.15Cr-0.35V-0.015N. This new steel has improved sag resistance over conventional steel. Using this new steel, the weight of coil springs can be reduced.

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Mechanical Properties and Characteristics after Aging for Cu-Ni-Sn Alloys Coated Tin or Solder

Akira SUGAWARA, Mikio NISHIHATA, Toshihiro KUNII

1993 Volume 1993 Issue 38 Pages 13-18
Published: March 31, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5346/trbane.1993.13

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Following our report on the Cu-Ni-Sn Alloys for springs and connectors, we have continued our efforts with this paper, by reporting on the effect of plating and aging on this alloy. It is well known that many copper alloys for springs and connectors are commonly plated with tin or solder, but there is little research about the effects of difference of plating and aging on plating.
Therefore, we have studied the effect of aging on plated material properties of the Cu-Ni-Sn Alloys.
The main results are as follows:
(1) Hardness, spring limit value, and fatigue strength are influenced by the differences of aging treatment on plating material,
(2) Formability, and solderability are influenced by the differences of plating condition.

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Development of Steel Wire for Spring that Changes Color in Manufacturing Process

Hirofumi UEKI, Keiji HATTORI, Masao YAMADA, Yukio YAMAOKA

1993 Volume 1993 Issue 38 Pages 19-23
Published: March 31, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5346/trbane.1993.19

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In order to distinguish easily between wire springs of similar configuration with different sizes or materials, there have been intense requirements for coloring of steel wire for spring. This paper reports our development of steel wire for spring which has mechanical properties equivalent to those of hard drawn steel wire and excellent corrosion resistance, and which develops golden color at the low-temperature tempering process that is indispensable after spring-forming process. Thus, the distinction between spring products can be made easily.
Described below is the summary:
(1) Copper and zinc plated on wire surface diffuse reciprocally while low-temperature tempering, and then the layer is alloyed to develop golden color.
(2) Mechanical properties are not deteriorated by the above platings.

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Analysis of Compression Coil Springs by Finite Element Method with Joint Elements

Toshio HAMANO, Toshihiro TACHIKAWA

1993 Volume 1993 Issue 38 Pages 25-29
Published: March 31, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5346/trbane.1993.25

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The contact of coils in compression springs is a very important problem with respect to non-linear properties of helical springs and also to the causes of squeaking and tapping noises. In this report, we have developed an analytical method for compression coil springs by a finite element method with joint elements considering the contact between the coil elements, and the contact between the coil element and the sheet surface. Using this method, characteristics of compression coil springs, such as deformed shapes and distributions of maximum shear stress are analyzed, and the results are compared with the experimental values. Althogh this method does not take account of frictions between coils, the results show good agreement with the experimental values.

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Dynamic Characteristics of Leaf Spring by ADAMS Software

Jian SONG, Yoshihiko MARUYAMA

1993 Volume 1993 Issue 38 Pages 31-36
Published: March 31, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5346/trbane.1993.31

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Discussing the model of leaf spring suspension that was established by use of ADAMS software in designing stage, influence of frictional force at the pins on dynamic properties of leaf spring was studied. The result that the frictional force at the pins plays an important part in the 2F value of the hysteresis loop and diagonal spring rate was obtained and proved by test.

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Layout of Coiling Tools and Axis of Springs being Coiled in a Two Finger Process

Hidehito SAITO, Takahiko KUNOH, Kazunori TSUSHIMA

1993 Volume 1993 Issue 38 Pages 37-40
Published: March 31, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5346/trbane.1993.37

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Relations between three-dimensional layouts of coiling tools and axis of springs being coiled are studied experimentally.
The tool layouts that the axis of coils being kept in vertical position to the panel surface are obtained.

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Coiling Load and Forming Curve of Ovate Wire Springs

Kazuyoshi HONOBE, Takahiro ISHIJIMA, Takahiko KUNOH, Kazunori TSUSHIMA

1993 Volume 1993 Issue 38 Pages 41-45
Published: March 31, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5346/trbane.1993.41

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Elliptic and Fuchs' oval wire springs are coiled with a 2-finger coiling machine. Coiling loads on the coiling tools are detected with load cells and forming curves of coils are measured photographically. The loads and the curves are compared with the ones of circular wire with the same area of cross section and the influence of noncircularization is discussed.
The main results of the study are as follows;
(1) The forming curves are simillar to the ones of circular wire,
(2) The load on the 2nd finger changes with spring indices in the simillar manner as circular one except their levels. They show higher or lower levels than the circular ones, which is reduced to the fully plastic moment of wires, the initial tension of springs, the inclination of the wire cross section and the lubrication during coiling.

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Make a Trial Rotating-Bending Fatigue Tester for Thick Wires on a Experimental Basis

Michihiko AYADA, Masatoshi SHIMIZU

1993 Volume 1993 Issue 38 Pages 47-52
Published: March 31, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5346/trbane.1993.47

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In order to evaluate the fatigue strength of wires of φ8mm or less, Nakamura-type rotating-bending fatigue tester has been widely used. For thick wires of φ8mm or more, Ono-type rotating-bending fatigue tester has been widely used. However, it has problems in terms of usability because a test pieces of special shape should be made and the axis of rotation should be set with the extreme precision when the test piece is installed.
Therefore, we have developed a rotating-bending fatigue tester of 4-point bending for thick wires of φ8-φ10mm, consulting the good usability of Nakamura-type rotating-bending fatigue tester. This tester is superior to the conventional Ono-type rotating-bending fatigue tester in terms of simplicity and rapidity, because thick wires can be used as it is without any machining.
In this paper, the outline of this tester and its applications are discussed.

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Studies on Helical Springs made of Ovate Wires

Research Committee on Noncircular Wire Helical Spr

1993 Volume 1993 Issue 38 Pages 53-72
Published: March 31, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5346/trbane.1993.53

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This report deals with studies on the helical springs made of wires with ovate cross sections which enable larger deflaction with lower shear stress. The shapes of the cross section analyzed are limited to ellipses and Fuchs egg-shapes because of their fundamentality for the practical applications. Stresses along the profile of the cross sections are analyzed numerically within the range of practical specifications of helical springs, and then the results are compared with those of circular ones. It has been found that the elliptical wire springs are superior to Fuchs' egg-shaped ones for qeneral application.
Simple designing methods for the both types of the wire helical aprings have been developed from the results of the stress analysis.
Moreover, this paper summarizes the results of survey on various methods for quality evaluations and inspections of the wires having ovate cross sections and the springs made of the present wires.

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Trends of Spring Technology Material Material

T. YAMAMOTO, T. OGITA, T. KUNII

1993 Volume 1993 Issue 38 Pages 73-74
Published: March 31, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5346/trbane.1993.73

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Trends of Spring Technology Material Design & Performance

T. KUNOH, K. CHISHIMA

1993 Volume 1993 Issue 38 Pages 74
Published: March 31, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5346/trbane.1993.74

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Trends of Spring Technology Material Manufactuting, Testing, Inspection

H. TOSHINO, M. SAKAMOTO

1993 Volume 1993 Issue 38 Pages 75-77
Published: March 31, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5346/trbane.1993.75

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Trends of Spring Technology Material Standard

N. MIYAGAWA, T. OZONE, J. MASUDA

1993 Volume 1993 Issue 38 Pages 77-78
Published: March 31, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5346/trbane.1993.77

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