In the course of our experiments it was observed that if the antisera from two rabbits were mixed and then added to the corresponding bacteria, the much more agglutinins were bound by the bacteria than from each serum. It is probably due to the heterogeneity of the antibodies.

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Our previous experiments (1, 2) confirmed Marrack's Lattice Theory. According to this mechanism, in the range of the extraordinary excess of the antibodies, the whole surface of bacteria must be coated by the agglutinins, and the chance to keep two bacteria bound by the bivalent agglutinin decreases and the visual aggregation is inhibited. In the second report (2) the thickness of the antibody layer on the bacterial surface was calculated on the basis of the quantitative relation between the bacterial surface area and the binding agglutinins. But the thickness of the antibody layer in the range of the prozone should be much more similar to the antibody length. On the other hand, in the third report it was observed that if antisera from two or three rabbits were mixed, then the more agglutinins were bound by the bacteria. Therefore, in order to estimate the length of the antibody, the thickness of the antibody layer in the range of prozone Should be calculated. Such experiment is described in this report.

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Since Foster (1) reviewed the penicillin research in the United States of America, the testing method in Japan was changed from the dilution method to the cup method. Afterwards a rapid cup method was devised by Miyamura and Kobayashi (2) .
The errors in the ordinary cup method and Miyamura's rapid method were tested in our laboratory and described in this paper.

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As we were searching strains for penicillin, two strains of Penicillia, antagonistic against both gram negative and positive bacteria,
were isolated from the air and their antibacterial substance was purified up to the colourless plate crystals. Afterwards we could also extract the same substance from three other strains of Penicillia isolated by other workers in Japan and sent to our labolatory, and also from Aspergillus clavatus.
In publication by Bergel and others (1) the chemical, physical, biological properties of Patulin, Clavatin and Claviformin and their identity were described. As the properties of the antibacterial substance obtained by us are similar to Patulin and it is extracted, not only from five strains of Penicillia but also from Aspergillus clavatus, it is highly probable that the substance obtained by us is identical with Patulin. After the publication of our work in Japanese (January, 1946), Kuroya informed us that he had also extracted the same substance from a strain of Penicillium. This substance has been obtained K from many strains isolated from various places, so it must be widely distributed in nature.

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Antagonism between Actinomyces and bacteria has been observed by many workers, and the literature is reviewed by Waksman (1) . But it is rather recently that the antibiotic substances are extracted and purified up to the crystalline forms. According to the review by Kiese (2), Actinomycin A is the first crystalline antibiotic substance from Actinomyces.
Since we had begun to study the antibiotics from Actinomyces (January, 1946), the red crystalline antibiotic substance was first extracted. And owing to the contradictory descriptions in the reviews by Kiese (2), and by Hallauer (3), it could not be decided whether this substance was identical with Actinomycin A, until we had a chance to read the monograph concerning the antibiotics written by Waksman (4) .

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The, common conception of precipitative and agglutinative reactions is that they proceed in two phases. This conception was offered by Bordet (1899) for the first time.In the first phase the antigen unites specifically with the antibody and becomes coated with this specifically combined “antibody-globulin”. As a consequence of this union the surface of the antigen-antibody compound is hydrophobe and sensitive to the flocculating effect of electrolytes, of a kind and in a concentration to which uncombined antigen or antibody is indifferent. It is commonly held that the most important effect of electrolytes is to lower the surface charge of the primary antigen-antibody particlesi and so to allow their aggregation into particles of increasing size. This is the second phase of precipitation or agglutination. It is commonly regarded, in contrast to the first phase, as being nonspecific, the primary antigen-antibody particles behaving as a salt-sensitive colloidal suspension.
In his recent stimulating monograph on the chemistry of antigens and antibodies, Marrack (1934) has speculatively offered an alternative hypothesis. It supposes a continuous physico-chemical reaction in which the aggregates are built up of particles of antigen and antibody specifically linked together to form a Lattice structure in a manner analogous to the formation of crystals.
Heidelberger and his colleagues supported Marrack's theory in the quantitative studies on immune serum precipitation and agglutination. Pauling (1940) adopted the Marrack's hypothesis in his recent theory of the structure and process of formation of antibodies.
These authors supported Marrack's theory on the indirect basis. On the other hand many authors have appeared who have studied experimentally on this problem. There are two kinds among these experiments.
From the Marrack's hypothesis it would follow that only antigenically related particles and their corresponding antibodies can enter into the formation of common aggregates; and when suspensions of antigenically unrelated particles sensitized with their homologous antisera are mixed together, the different kinds of particles will not combine to form heterogeneous aggregates, as supposed in the Bordet's theory, but each kind will independently form its own homogeneous aggregates.
Topley, Wilson, and Duncan (1935) were the first to suggest studies on mixed agglutination of morphologically distinguishable antigens as a method of solving this problem, and they obtained the results supporting the Marrack's hypothesis. Wiener and Herman (1939), and Umezawa (1942) have also supported the Marrack's hypothesis from the results of such experiments, but Abramson (1935), and Hooker and Boyd (1937) have supported the Bordet theory.
In the second kind of experiments compared the times taken for a particular stage of agglutination or precipitation, observed macroscopically, in a mixture of two antigenically different agglutinating or precipitating systems, reacting synchronously, and in independent controls of each of these systems diluted to give a concentration equal to that of the same system in the mixture. As the velocity of. agglutination and precipitation depends upon the incidence of effective cone tcts between the agglutinable particles, it follows that according to the Bordet Fiypothesis the velocity of flocculation will be proportionate to the total concentration of particles and will be much greater in the mixture than in the independent system controls in which the concentration of agglutinable particles, following dilution, will be only half the total of the mixture; but if the two systems in the mixture react independently as supposed in the Mariack, hypothesis, the comparable concentrations of the agglutinating systems in the mixture and in the controls will be equal, and agglutination in the mixture will not show acceleration.

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In spite of the importance in relation to the electricity production of organisms, the effect of temperature upon the muscle potential have hardly been studied except by Hermann (1871) and Bernstein (1902) . The author carried out some experiments on this problem, and examined the effects either on the injured or on the uninjured parts separately, or on both simultaneously and found a definite relationship existing there.

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In 1942 we reported on the studies of pathological anatomy of the Equine Encephalomyelitis Epizootica which had occurred in North China during the year 1940. Pathologically, it was similar to the epizootic as seen in Japan from 1935 to 1938, in which we found the intranuclear inclusion bodies, the so called “Joest-Degen's Corpuscle”, in the. nuclei of the ganglion cells and also cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, the so called “Ichii's Corpuscle”, in the protoplasma of nerve cells of Cornu Ammonis of the brain of sick horses. However, we found that contrary to the epidemic in Japan, the inflammatory changes in the cases of prolonged processes were less remarkable than in those cases which died during the acute stage. For this reason, the disease was diagnosed as “Equine Encephalomyelitis Epizootica” in North China until the causative agent could be identified as .similar to the Japanese horse encephalitis in the same manner as the Japanese B eneephalitis by virus isolation.
From the middle of July 1945, there occurred a large epizootic of horse encephalitis in wide spread districts of North China. We were able to study clinically, pathologically, anatomically, epidemiologically and virologically, several cases during the outbreak. But in as much as it was the time of surrender for Japan, we could not continue the study and were unable to carry the virus to Japan at the time of demobilization.

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It has already been reported by the author that the production of antibodies is distinctly accelerated when a bacterial vaccine is applied in combination with the purified vaccinia lymph.
Furthermore, a prompt suppression of paroxysms especially in the case of whooping cough, which can never be explained by the said rapid formation of antibodies alone, ha led us to assume the existence of antiallergic action inherent to the living vaccinia virus.
An experiment to ascertain such influence proved a marked desensitizing action by the anaphylactic shock test upon guinea pigs.
Namely, when guinea pigs, sensitized to horse serum, were treated with a small amount of purified vaccinia virus prior to the provocative dose of horse serum, proved to be exempt from the anaphylactic shock. Purified vaccinia lymph inactivated by heating showed no such effect
The author has also observed that Vitamin B₂ shows antianaphylactic efficacy but not as active as the purified vaccinia lpmph, but superior to Vitamin C.
These findings have led us to examine the effect of purified vaccinia virus on bronchial asthma.
On 85 Patients who have been treated by the author in Tokyo since 1942 will be described at this time.
Of this group, one was a case of cardiac asthma, and 3 were the cases of so-called asthmatic tuberculosis. The age of the treated patients varied from 2 to 66 years old.
Among these cases 34 had anamnesis of so-called infantile asthma, and 11 others were suffering from at the time of treatment. Congenital predisposition to asthma was perceived in 11 cases, the tact which suggests that there may have been a still greater number of similar instances.
Disposition or causes of the seizure considered were exudative constitution, autopoisoning, eczema, nasal catarrh and angina, also inhalation of gases (of charcoal, poisonous, pyrethrinic, etc.), post-operational, exhausting labour, colds, bronchitis, measles, whooping cough and pneumonia. Change of climate, rain or shine, humidity, chill, topographical and housing defeat, malnutrition and especially excessive eating.
Mental and physical exhaustion, menstruation in women, pregnancy, influence of specific allergen, etc., have also been regarded as the possible direct factors.
Seasonal influence seemed to be of special importance; spring and autumn, when a climatic change takes place, particularly during the months of September to November, are conspicuous. However, some may develop paroxysms at any time of the year, while in others it is brought on during the cooler months only or in the summer exclusively.
The duration of the disease was from several to thirty years, and, the effectiveness of the purified vaccinia lymph as to control asthmatic seizure seems unrelated to the history of the disease, including previous treatments.

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An indisputable fact observed while treating bronchial asthma with purified vaccinia lymph is a marked improvement of the general physical conditions, the patients feeling not only insured of the restoration of usual health owing to the riddance of the seizures with paroxysms, but also an apparent increase in vital strength as to enable them to work even harder than before.
The author, herewith, has carried out an experiment to ascertain if the purified vaccinia lymph is of any value in promoting of the growth in mice. Mice weighing 8.0 g as exactly as possible were selected and fed with 2.0 g of barley and one g of vegetable per capita a day.
Six mice thus made ready were inoculated with 5 doses of 0.1 cc each of the purified vaccinia lymph.
Another group of six mice serving as control received at the same time the same amount of the lymph inactivated by heating at 56°C for ten minutes in similar manner.
The body weight of the mice of the both groups was thenceforth inspected daily for a duration of 20 days.

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Recent prevalence of whooping cough occurring at several places of Kanagawa Prefecture has enabled us to reexamine the efficacy of our combined treatment, and to reach a result fairly comparable to that we previously reported.

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Fearon and Foster (1922) showed that slow freezing increased the rate of autolysis in beef tissue; also, Callow (1925), as well as Oya et al. (1923) (1926) found similar phenomena in fish. They showed that the velocity of autolysis of air frozen fish after thawing is greater than that of quick freezing and the velocity at 40°C is greater than at 12°C. So the thawing temperature may have some influence on the course of putrefaction of fish muscle after thawing.
The aim of this study includes experiments on; (1) the influence of the thawing temperature on the rate of decomposition of slowly and rapidly frozen mackerel meat suspension; (2) the effect of storage period on the rate of decomposition after thawing.

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