Since the discovery of aureomycin, yellow antibiotic substances produced by streptomyces have been successively obtained. Aureothricin found by Umezawa and others, luteomycin by Hata and others, xanthomycin by Peterson and others, and terramycin, are all yellow antibiotics produced by streptomyces. Griseolutein, which was found by Umezawa and the writer and others, is also a yellow crystalline antibiotic. As shown in the previous report the griseolutein-producing strain is a new species named as Streptomyces griseoluteus. From the fermented broth of this strain griseolutein is extracted with ethylacetate at pH 2-3 and after vacuum concentration and alumina chromatographic purification crystallized with ethylacetate. It melts at 193°C and it contains C 59.51%, H 4.36% and N 8.02%. Qualitative tests of sulfur and halogen are negative. It is different from aureothricin and luteomycin in the negative test of sulfur, from aureomycin in the negative test of chlorine, from xanthomycin in its slight toxicity and from terramycin in the melting point.
S. griseoluteus produces not only griseolutein but also the other antibiotics, depending on the cultural conditions. When it is cultivated in the yeast-glycerol medium, griseolutein and the other antibiotics are produced, and in the case of the cornsteepliquor glycerol medium, the other antibiotic which can not be extracted with ethylacetate is produced.
In the present paper the bacteriostatic effects in vitro in various conditions and the toxicity are described.

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Since streptomycin had been found by Waksman, various antibiotics were obtained in the field of streptomyces. They are different each others, not only in their chemical characters, but also their antibacterial spectra. Umezawa and others found a simple method of differentiating the antibiotics and confirmed that the antibiotics produced by S. fradiae are different from streptomycin and streptothricin-group substances produced by otherr species. According to the above authors, streptothricin-group substances are the antibotics which are obtained from the broth of various kinds of streptomyces other than S. griseus, extracted by the streptothricin extraction process, and to which streptothricin-fast E. coli are more resistant than the normal culture. Among streptothricin-group substances the antibiotics produced by S. fradiaeare different from the others not, aonly in their bacteriostatic effects against B. anthracis and B. subtilis, but also in their toxicity. The antibiotics of S. fradiae inhibit the growth of B. antlhracis as well as that of B. subtilis, however, the latter is more sensitive to the other streptothricin-group substances than the former. The antibiotics of S. fradiae do not show the later appearing toxicity which is common to the others. Therefore Umezawa named the antibiotics of S. fradiae as streptothricin B and the others as streptothricin A. Thereafter be noticed that streptothricin B produced by a certain strain of S. fradiae is different from that by other strains in the ratio of bacteriostatic effects to the minimal lethal doses to mice and named the one which is more non-toxic as streptothricin BI and another as streptothricin BII.
The antibiotics produced by S. fradiae were called as neomycin by Waksman, and thereafter neomycin A and B were differentiated. Streptothricin B seems to resemble neomycin. Both do not show the later appearing toxicity and inhibit widely grampositive and gram-negative bacteria. Neomycin inhibits the growth of streptomycinfast tubercle bacilli and the results of the experiments in vitro seemed to indicate the therapeutic effect against tuberculosis. Though the further clinical experiment could not confirm its practical use, the first animal experiment seems yet now to indicate some clinical usefulness. The chemical nature of streptothricin B is not yet definitely determined, therefore the relation to neomycin is not yet cleared. It will be cleared in other reports.
Among antibiotics obtained from streptomyces, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, aureomycin and terramycin are clinically effective against gram-negative diseases. As chloramphenicol and streptomycin are produced, by the pilot plant of our laboratory, their bacteriostatic effects are also studied, being compared with those of streptothricin BI and BII. In the present paper their effects in vitro are described.

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Majority of the patients examined were those being admitted in the Momoyamy Hospital in Osaka during 1947 and 1948 under the diagnosis of epidemic or marine typhus fever.
A precise study was made on the 41 case at the time of the epidemic breaking outt towards the end of 1947 in Osaka.
A specimen of serum was obtained from each of these patients as early as possible on admission to the Hospital.
At the time a specific complement fixation test and Weil-Pelix Ox 19 test were made on these sera during the curse of the illness at the Momoyama Hospital Laboratory.
The results of the experiments conducted by the acid-turbidity-reactions on these sera could be summarized as follows.
The acid-turbidity-reaction on typhus fever rserum is worthy in early diagnosis, and epidemic typhus and murine were distinguished from each other by using washed antigens of Rickettsia.
The outline of this reaction is summarized as follows.
To the serum of a patients to which antigen had been added, very small amounts. of hydrochloric acid were added repeatedly and the pH of the medium was measured by the quinhydron method hydrochloric acid was added, and at the same time, the relative turbidity of the medim was measured by Putfrich's-photometer.
Plotting pH as ordinate and relative turbidity as the abscissa the following curve was obtained (Fig. 1) .
The turbidity of the serum plus antigen is highest at the isoelectric point, and it is higher than that of the serum alone.
The difference of both relative turbidity at the isoelectric point was named by us as the “acid-turbidity difference (A. T. D.) ” and the results of this reaction is judged by acid-turbidity difference.

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Japanese B encephalitis (JBE) seemed to be known in the another name of disease in Japan about one thousand and two hundreds years ago (Kakinuma¹⁾ and Mitamura²⁾), however, attension was paid first by the Japanese workers, who published their views on clinical and experimental findings of it, since Economo had described an encephalitis lethargica in Europe in 1917.
In 1933 the Third Sub-Committee of Encephalitis was organized in the Japanese Association for Promoting Science and Prof. Dr. R. Inada was appointed a chief of the Sub-Committee and the systematical study on a large scale has started. All the members of the Sub-Committee and the others who did not belong to the Sub-Committee have done their utmost to remove the misterious veil covering JBE. In the summer of 1933 an epidemic of JBE occured in Japan. Hayashi, ³⁾ Okayama Medical College, was successful experimentally to transfer the disease to monkey in the same year. On the occasion of the next epidemic which took place in. 1935, many workers were able to isolate the JBE virus in Eukuoka, Okayama, Hyogo, Osaka, Kyoto, Niigata and Tokyo by using mice in the same manner of Webster in St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) in 1933. Kawamura⁴⁾, Mitamura⁵⁾ and Takagi⁶⁾ have accordingly made clear the fact that the disease was immunologically different from the other known encephalitiden. Mitamura²⁾ pointed out that those 30 newly isolated virus strains were almost the same though some minor variant might be found in their antigenic structure among them, and that there was one kind of JBE virus in Japan.
The studies on the intensity and the frequency of distribution of the virus in various districts in the Ear East are, not only of scientific significance but also of importance for the preventive medicine. The indicators as to presume the geographical distribution of the disease are, first by the isolation of the causative agent from the host in areas, second by the positivity rate of neutralizing antibody against the virus in human and animal sera collected in such areas where the disease is reported or not and third by the report of the cases in such areas of which the clinical findings are similar to those of JBE.
The positive isolation of the virus indicates an actual existence of the disease, however, it is not always successful because of troubles in the technic and the material inspite of a case confirmed serologically while the approvement of the neutralizing antibody gives a reliable suggestion to presume the geographical distribution of the virus because the technique is simple and the reaction in general specific even if it has been known that there is some nonspecific virulicidal substance in some sera. The case report is not always a liable indicator if it is confirmed by neither serological tests nor autopsy findings.
Takenouchi⁷⁾, Takagi⁹⁾ and Mitamura⁹⁾ have presumed, through the results observed in the neutralization test, that the disease is spread but very rarely, if not at all, in the district of Hokkaido till 1938. But a few cases of JBE virus was isolated by Hayashi, Mitamura and others¹⁰⁾ from the brain of a human case. As for other areas in the Far East Asia the virus was also isolated by Kobayashi¹¹⁾ in Formosa in 1938, by Smorodin-tseff¹²⁾ in the Maritime Province in 1938-39 where the Autumn encephalitis which is called by Rusian workers and is known to be immunologically similary to Japanese B encephalitis occurred in the same years, by Yen¹³⁾ in North Chinaa in 1941, by Sabin in Okinawa in 1945 and by the same author and his colleagues in Koreas¹⁵⁾ in the following year, 1946.

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It is already made clear by Nicolle in 1911 that typhus is a louse-borne disease. Rickettsia has not however been found in the salivary glands of louse contrary to the report of Sikora in earlier days. They are grown within the cells of alimentary tract and are, therefore, excreted in abundance in louse-feces. Infection to human body may develop not though spitting in when bitten by the infected louse unless the louse is habitual to vomit during feeding.
Kitaoka has previously described as to the mode of rickettsia infection to human body and it is generally of agreement that when the skin is injured by louse bites and eventually by scratches or even by rubbing, the rickettsia is able to invade the human body and the nasal menbrane and the conjunctiva serve as entry of the infection when infectious materials are inhalated or contaminate the conjunctiva. Furthermore it was pointed out that rickettsia is curving under certain circumstances for the long period as described by Arkwright, Starzyk, Wilcooks, Löffier, Van den Ende and other authors. Then dispersion of infectious louse-feces has become an origin of infection in the epidemiology of typhus. In other words the epidemic typhus is not only a louse-borne disease but also is a air-borne disease and it is to be noted that the typhus case without louse infestation may be infected by rickettsia from such origin.
The present study is to see how long and under what circumstances can the rickettsia contained in the louse-feces survive and be an origin to spread the disease.

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Sero-immunological studies of rickettsia have long been rather tardy in progress owing to its cytotropic nature and the fact that it grows not on the ordinary culturee media, in other words, for being diflcult to obtain it pure and in abundance.
This difficulty has been at last overcome and a remarkable advance in its sero-logical and immanological directions has been made since 1938 when Barkine and Cox have published their new method of culturing rickettsia in the yolk-sac of the developing chick embryo and especially after the vaccine has been prepared by ether extract according to Craigie's method since 1941. And now the both rickettsia, suspen-sions, Rickettsia prowazekii and R. typhi are made as the antigens for the comple ment fixation test to differentiate the epidemic typhus from the murine (Topping, Wilcocks, Bengtson, Tamiya and Kitaoka) . These suspensionss may be employed for the Rickettsia agglutination test though they are more concentrated as an antigen, not only in differentiation of the typhus fever but also capable of analysis on antigenic structures of the agents by means of the absorption test (Fitzpatrick, Wilcock and Kitaoka)
Simplified rapid differentiation of epidemic typhus from the murine on the slide-glass is owing to the success of preparing the pure rickettsia suspension and the specific rickettsia agglutination is observed on the slide-glass with the specific antiserumm against the rickettsia suspension by the technic similar to the field agglutination kit of Weil-Felix reaction (Kitaoka) . It is to be noted that the reaction is, when the same care as in practice of Weil-Felix reaction on the slide-glass is paid, so specific that man can differentiate rapidly the both epidemic and murine typhus each other at the bed-side.

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