The Artemis Program, which is NASA's mission to return astronauts to the moon for the first time since Apollo 17 in 1972, is to establish a lunar base for preparing future manned missions to the mars. Manned space exploration started with rivalry between Soviet and USA during the decade of 1960s, and it ended by the lunar landing of the Apollo 11 in 1969. Thereafter, Soviet/Russia sought how to stay long in the closed narrow space station under a 0-G environment, while USA developed a reusable spaceship named space shuttle. And their common goal was the International Space Station (ISS) that had been built in 1998-2011. Since then, their attention expanded to space utilization including space resources such as the moon and asteroids. The Artemis Program is just one of them planned by USA involving several organizations including Japan, though vitalities of private sector and social economy have now become inevitable for the attainment. And besides, China has caught up the Program, Russia is looking for her own opportunity and India is saving the power.

　Advance in space medicine is indispensable for sustaining manned space activities. Fundamental issues for a long stay in the space station were itemized by using the Skylab stations flown the earth orbit for each 1, 2, and 3 months with 3 crews respectively, in 1972-74. Those issues uncovered by the Skylab mission were reflected and researched further in Space Shuttle and ISS. Main issues to be investigated at the lunar base, must be protection against radiation, group dynamics psychology in long-term space stay and highly advanced technology for circular agriculture. In order to keep physical adaptation of crews against changing G-level before and after a long-term travelling to the mars, such a spaceship as rotating about its axis to produce artificial gravity is required.

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　This study examines why the “Space for Peace” policy survived in the Eisenhower administration from the perspective of the role played by the President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC) through the process of the birth of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NASA is a civilian space agency established by the National Aeronautics and Space Act of July 1958. Looking at the background of its foundation, it is a big question why Eisenhower, a fiscal conservative, authorized the establishment of NASA. In terms of policy toward the Soviet Union, it was sufficient to create such an agency within the Defense. In addition, the establishment of an independent civilian space agency would have entailed problems of transfer and duplication of space technology and personnel within the Defense. 　This study sheds light on the domestic political process, specifically the role of PSAC in space policy, which has received little attention in previous studies. Although space policy is inherently directly related to leading-edge science and technology policy, prior research has tended to simplify the role of scientists as merely assisting Eisenhower. In contrast, this paper examines how the ideas and actions of PSAC had a significant impact on space policy decisions, using primary documents collected at the Eisenhower Presidential Library, FRUS, and memoirs of Eisenhower and PSAC members. Specifically, this paper traces the historical process of how Eisenhower was “enlightened” by scientists on the importance of scientific values in the “space for peace” policy after the Sputnik Shock, thereby leading him to agree to the foundation of NASA as an independent civilian space agency.

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一般的には、「殻」にしがみついて、拘束的行為を繰り返せば、そのこと自体は、確かに、硬直的である。しかし、そこをアンカーとしたセンスメーキングもまた始まるのである。そのことで、人や組織は「殻」に守られることを超えて、｢殻」をアンカーにして自分たちの道を切り開き、未来を伸ばしていくことになる。

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