In recent years professional baseball leagues have been started in some areas in which baseball has been considered to be unpopular.
    Alan Klein, an authority on the study of the globalization of baseball, claims that baseball diffusion will be promoted in developing areas where it promotes escape from poverty, and that it is hard to envision baseball’ s diffusion and the development of professional baseball business in developed countries, especially in Europe, which is proud of the overwhelming popularity of football.
    However, in practice, new professional baseball leagues have been started in some economically rich countries in the 2000s. This paper analyzes the Italian Baseball League (IBL) , which started its inaugural season in 2010, in order to investigate the background of the rise of new professional leagues in developed countries and the prospects for their future.
    This paper claims the factors promoting the diffusion of baseball in Europe and the foundation of the professional league in Italy are; 1) Expansion of a network of scouting and marketing by the MLB, 2) Job shortages for younger people, accompanied by the rationalization of the selection of professional athletes as an unstable job with low wages. Considering these factors, we can envision the development of small-scale professional baseball business in areas where baseball has not traditionally been popular. Along with the expansion of the international flow of players in the baseball world, such as through the MLB in which players can expect high remuneration, the development of a semi-professional system in which players can get jobs during the baseball season is also suggested.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between mental state and fatigue created by the belief system for professional soccer players. The goal is to improve the performance of athletes by knowing their personality, emotions, mental health care methods, and fatigue level. We surveyed 16 professional soccer players, focusing on their age, position, and professional career. The players responded to the Big Five scale, which measures personality traits and mood inventory, and Dipca.3, which measures psychological competitiveness for athletes. As a result, there were few athletes with good mentality, and there were many athletes who did not have "confidence" and felt "anxiety" overall.

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    Chelsea Pitch Owners plc (CPO) is a public limited company, the historical result of an effort to protect a financially struggling football club from urban developers hungry for the centrally located ground in London. In the process, ex-Chelsea FC owner Ken Bates invented the scheme, predicting that real estate developers would run away once they found out that CPO is mostly owned by loyal Chelsea supporters as well as the fact that company’ s shares had been scattered all over many places, and so no prospective purchasers could control a majority of shares. But the biggest obstacle was that they would have to give up the usage of the famous brand Chelsea FC in case they moved the stadium to the suburbs, far from the current one. This was the ultimate poison pill clause.
    Professional football clubs are by nature unstable financially because of heavy competition in the league, so gate revenue is critically important for them, though at some times they may enjoy rapidly increasing media rights revenue as well as sponsorship revenue (merchandising included). Surely gate revenue is invaluable because it is firmly supported by fans, whether a club wins or loses. At its core the sports industry is a live event business. In addition, event attendance correlates strongly with other sports fan behaviors, such as media usage. The problem is that increases in ticket sales inventory require large investments in new or renovated facilities. Therein lies the question of how a club can acquire substantial money without raising already expensive tickets or simply moving out of the crowded metropolitan London to the suburbs, far from the hometown and against supporters’ protests.
    CPO reminds us of how a stadium can be best used by any club. Judging from American experiences, we should look more closely for growth opportunities for gate revenue by using the venue for other events, such as concerts and other sporting events.

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The purpose of this study is to attempt a reflection on the relationship between the mediatization/technologization of sports and violence.

The emergence of sport in the modern era was accompanied by a union between “suppression of violence” and “viewing enjoyment”; however, media technology, which has sought to impose rigor in sporting decisions, has led the public to realize that, as typified by decisions by video assistant referees (VAR), truth can be verified by machines but cannot be captured by the human senses.

Yet, according to Arendt, people’s humanistic activity is neither the “production” that creates technology nor the “labor” (industry) that is accelerating the technologization process. “Labor” is an activity that is necessary to live, and in today’s world, “production” has also been subsumed in that “labor.” In public spaces, which are free from such necessity, human beings are recognized by others, and acquire reality as existence, through sensus communis of the body, by means of “actions” (exchanging words, etc.) performed in places of direct exchange (the common world) involving multiple people.

Viewed in this way, the mediatization/technologization of sport is inherently “violent” in that it reduces the sensus communis of the body into “vision” and deprives people of the “power” to form the common world and public space. What is important in modern sport, where the progress of technologization is inevitable, are direct places of exchange involving multiple persons (public spaces), such as the social intercourse and general meetings seen in the context of sports clubs, as well as the power to create such spaces.

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An attempt was made to analyze the psychological impact of sports organizations on sports practitioners, and to develop a new theory of sports organizations on the basis of this concept. The study was based on the Japanese Football Association (JFA) and Japanese football players, and investigated whether those who were not registered with the JFA suffered from unease or anxiety as a result (i.e. pressure from the professional social structure).
  Most football players in Japan play football either as an extracurricular activity at an educational institution or at regional sports clubs. However, a number of grass roots football players are subject to anxiety because they do not belong to any such institutions. To examine the JFA's role in helping such players dispel their anxiety, it is not effective to apply organizational theories that have been developed for use in the business world, even though these been used for previous studies of sports organizations. Such traditional organizational theories have handled sports organizations as corporate bodies, without considering the unique circumstances of sports.
  For the present study, therefore, a new viewpoint of sports organizations was developed based on the institutional theory of H.H. Garth and C.W. Mills, which contends that the character (psychological) structure of an individual is moulded by social (institutional) structure, being especially influenced by the “Head” of the institution. Here, evidence is presented to show that the JFA, as the “Head” of football institutions in Japan, exerts an especially strong influence on the psychology of football players. Moreover, it appears that football players who are not registered with the JFA and do not play under the auspices of educational or sports institutions suffer anxiety in situations such as being defeated in competitions, becoming lax with regard to educational matters, or when the JFA is perceived to lose prestige.
  Finally, based on this new theory of sports organizations, an attempt is made to show how anxiety is generated in non-registered football players by analyzing the historical relationship between the character structure and social structure of football players classified into nine groups.

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冷戦の終結が, 新たなパラダイムとして民族主義の台頭を生み出した。従前, 無意識下にあったこの民族の顕在化はスポーツの世界でも例外ではない。国家や民族という社会的な境界を越える「越境選手」をより強く意識せざるを得なくなっている。一見同じ環境下にあるように見える彼らからは, 異なるあるいは共通するメッセージが発信されている。本研究では, 海外への移籍と帰化動機に基づき「越境選手」を分類した上, 彼らの発信する「シークレット・メッセージ」を分析することを目的とした。彼らが帰化する背景には, それぞれ商業至上主義, グローバリーゼーション, 同化主義といった世界や日本の社会的事象との連関がある。

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