I discovered several old Japanese tombs even in the North East of England. Some were tombs of Japanese students who died accidentally without seeing their homeland again.
Bysaku Fukao was one of the unfortunate. He fell from the dock at Middlesbrough and drowned at the age of 18, on 14th November 1873. He was engaged as an articled pupil with Dixon and Company, Shipbuilding firm and studied at Walworth House College, Darlington at the same time. He was buried in Darlington West Cemetry.
Katsu Iwamoto was another. His tomb was found in St. John's Church Cemetry in Newcastle. His name was listed in the “List of Students” of Durham University Calendar 1877-78. He was a naval cadet when he was ordered by the Ministry of Imperial Japanese Navy to study gun manufacturing. But unfortunately he contracted tuberculosis and died four months later at the age of 20, on 21st June 1877.
With these predecessors' great effort the modern industrial Japan was created.

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In Nov. 1882, the "Horonai Railway" started its transport business from Temiya to Horonai by way of Otaru and Sapporo in Hokkaido. It was the first coaler in Japan and steam hauled trains were operated from Horonai coalfield to Temiya wharf. The owner of this industrial railway was an agency of Japanese government which was called as "Kaitaku-shi". This agency was charged with a mission on the development of Hokkaido and this railway was its transport division. In Dec. 1889, this railway transferred to the "Hokkaido Tanko Railway" which was one of the private railways in those days. In Sep. 1825, "Stockton & Darlington Railway (S&DR)" started its transport business in the north England. The construction of S&DR was the dawn of a worldwide railway transport revolution and it was the first public line to employ steam power from its opening. Coal mine near Darlington was too undulating for canal construction, so railway was selected instead of canal. This line started at Witton Park, above Shildon in the central coalfield and arrived at Darlington wharf. The most important industrial heritage is the steam engine "Locomotion" and this historic and original one is now preserved in the Darlington Railway Centre & Museum neighboring North Road Station. In this presentation, short history and significance relation to these industrial railways from the viewpoint of the history of railway technology will be explained.

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British coal is the fundamental resources which have made possible Britain's rapid and gigantic economic expansion. However, it is not that British coal has been regarded as valuable resources from the beginning. It was after 17th century that coal began to be used generally and became priceless resources in the true sense of the word.
Already in the Roman age coal was in use as fuel to a certain degree but this was only in limited localities. For a long time most of the rich coal fields in Britain had not been mined at all.
Nevertheless, when the method of melting iron by burning charcoal was discarded, when a new method of using coal in ironmanufacture was found, and when in production technics progress was made such as the invention of a steam-engine, and on the basis of such technical progress the development of the modern capitalist industry was realized, it was no longer possible for those rich coal fields of Britain to remain undisturbed.
In this sense, the history of British industry is at the same time the history of actualization of British coal resources.

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本稿は1850年代初頭に開始されたグリニッジ天文台の時報事業に焦点を当て,ヴィクトリア朝イギリスにおける正確な時間の通知・表示技法の変革とその社会的な影響を考察する。時報事業は交通・運輸・情報網の大規模な拡充に伴う正確な時間への需要の高まりを背景に導入され,国内全域に敷設された電信網を駆使して標準時を無償で通知するものであった。このサービスを可能にしたのは,グリニッジ天文台・海軍省などの公的機関と民間の電信・鉄道企業との緊密な連携に基づく設備や技術の使用に関する負担の分散化であった。この運営の枠組みは1860年代末の民間電信システムの国有化によって大きく転換し,1870年には逓信省が時報転送に電線を使用することを埋め合わせるために課金制へ移行する。この有料サービスの普及には明確な限界があったものの,時報は鉄道会社の運行システム,都市自治体が管理する報時球と午砲の操作方法,海軍の航海術などの領域に採用され,イギリス社会における時間通知の様式の改変とグリニッジ標準時の普及を促進するものとなった。

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As compared with structural engineering, building technique has been rather neglected in studies of the history of modern archiecture. Formerly Hermione Hobhouse offered her opinion that 'the period 1820 to 1850 was one of technical advance in the building industry' and she connected the rise of Victorian master builder with the gradual mechanization of the industry. Yet her opinion seems to have been disregarded in later writings. What is necessary now is the survey of realities. This series of papers attempts to throw light upon the technique of the mid-19th century with the relevant facts appeared in professional journals, technical literature, Parliamentary Papers and so on. The first of these surveys the course of invention and introduction of stone-working machinery.

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イングランドでは，2011年の地域産業パートナーシップの組成以降，都市協定，成長協定，権限移譲協定，合同行政機構の組成，公選制市長などと立て続けに政策が展開されている．本稿では，地域産業パートナーシップ設立以降のイングランドにおける権限移譲政策の展開を明らかにし，地域がどのように国の政策を受容し，どのように変容していったかについて明らかにすることを目的とする．事例として取り上げた北東イングランドでは，ノース・オブ・タイン，北東，ティーズバレーの三つの合同行政機構が形成された．合同行政機構は，新市場主義において都市地域の集積効果を利用した経済開発のために生み出された新しいガバナンスであり，その管轄領域は，政府との協定により権限が積み重なられることにより正当化されている．

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The Chamberlains' Accounts are the records of weekly receipts and payments of the town chamber. Using these documents of Elizabethan Newcastle upon Tyne, I tried here to analyse the financial structure and performance of a town corporation and make sense of the changing nature of its government during this period. One of the most distinguishing characteristcs of this period is the sharp expansion of financial base, even at a higher pace than that of inflation in those days. The cause of this increase is indisputable; the unprecedented advance of the coal industry in this region brought ample funds to the common hutch of the town chamber in the form of impositions on coal and ships or other dues, while the traditional incomes like admission fees for freedom and various rents were relatively decreasing. However a more notable aspect of the financial performance in this period is that the expansion of expenditures was also rapid enough to match, or rather exceed, this incomparable increase of revenue. I classified these unarranged payments written in the Accounts into several main items. In the early Elizabethan period, more than one third of toral expenditure consisted of the outside payments such as fee farm rent, costs for sending representatives to the parliament and various legal expenses, which were indispensable to claiming the privilages of this corporation. Of other items, fees to officeholders, expenses relating to disposal of ballast were principal outgoes. An item peculiar to this town is payment to the town-owned colliery managed for the supply of coal to the town inhabitants. By the end of the Elizabethan period, expenses of all items except coal mining greatly increased, but the ratio of almost all of them to total expenditure decreased or at most retained their former levels. On the contrary, both the amount and percent of expenses concerning the social life and welfare of the town inhabitants significantly incrreased. The swelling of town finance of this period was thus the result, not only of inflation or industrial progress, but of changing nature of town government. This change of financial structure suggests that the town corporation was shifting from the medieval fee-farm paying body to an agent of social policy.

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地方自治体の戦略的文化政策ともいえる「クリエイティブ・シティ」とよばれる施策が欧米だけでなく日本の諸都市・地域でも現在積極的に推進されつつある。イギリス,フランスなどの先進事例と日本の事例を比較したとき, 「クリエイティブ」という言葉の下で,表面的には美術・文化を重視する似通った手法の施策が行われてはいても,理念の解釈や推進方法,市民の意識など多くの点で相違がみられる。本稿では,この「クリエイティブ・シティ」をはじめとする地方自治体の文化政策の変化を学校教育や美術教育を取り巻く最近の動向の一つととらえ,これが子どもたちや学校教育にどのような影響をもつものなのか,美術教育の立場から今後それとどう向き合うべきか考察するものである。

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