ポリネシア人の祖先は遠く東南アジアにその源を発していると考えられている。何らかの理由で新天地を求めた人人は海路でインドネシアに渡り、後に一部はミクロネシアの諸島へ、又一部はフィージーやニューカレドニアへと移動した。更にソサエティー諸島からマーケサス島に渡った人々はその航海術によってハワイに到達したと推定されている。

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Taizo Masaki is most prominently mentioned in “Yoshida Torajiro”, a short story by Robert Louis Stevenson. After the Meiji Restoration, he was dispatched to Great Britain twice from 1871 to 1881, and became the first president of Tokyo Shokko Gakko (now Tokyo Institute of Technology). He worked earnestly for industrial education for nearly twenty years in the early years of Meiji Era. In 1890, Masaki was transferred to the Foreign Office, and went to Honolulu as consul in Hawaii. After one year, he was promoted to consul general. He stayed in Honolulu for 2 years and a half, however, his activities in Hawaii were not made clear yet. In this article, various kinds of documents between Japanese Foreign Office and Consul Masaki were studied, and the present writers tried to learn from them how he acted as Hawaiian consul.
The diplomatic relation between Japan and Hawaii Kingdom began in 1860. It continued only 40 years, because of the Hawaiian revolution in 1893 and the annexation by the U.S.A. The largest pending problem of both countries was the immigration for the sugar beet farms from Japan. As sugar was the main product of Hawaii, the sugar beet farms needed a large number of workers. On the other hand, Japanese agricultural villages were in a long depression after the Meiji Restoration. After short preliminary negotiations, both governments arrived at an agreement that Japan would supply round numbers of immigrants for Hawaiian sugar farms periodically. In 1884, the Japanese consulate was opened at Honolulu, and the first ship “the City of Tokyo” carried 948 emigrants to Hawaii in 1885. This emigration organized by the Japanese government continued for ten years, and 29, 139 Japanese emigrants voyaged to Hawaii as often as 26 times. As the government-sponsored emigration brought about many conflicts, various kinds of troubles occurred.
Taizo Masaki made a voyage to Honolulu as the fourth consul in May, 1890. It was the peak period of governmental emigration, and more than twelve thousand emigrants voyaged.
There are many documents, and correspondance archives referring to Hawaii in the Diplomatic Record Office. We can infer the activities of Taizo Masaki in Hawaii as consul. The most important business of the Hawaiian consulate was the remittance of immigrants to their family in Japan. Because there was no branch of a Japanese bank in those early years, it was very difficult. Masaki invited a new branch of Yokohama Shokin Bank to Honolulu for Japanese immigrants. The remittance to Japan became easier.
Masaki sent many formal annd informal reports which included important information. One of them referred to the suffrage of immigrants. The Hawaiian constitution amended in 1887, approved the right to vote of those other than American or European immigrants. Masaki gave a report on the historical situation and pointed out those problems. The other important reports were referring to the political change of the Hawaiian Government. In those days, the political situation in Hawaii was very unstable; therefore, coups d'état and reorganizations of the cabinet were done frequently. Masaki's reports described the circumstances of the changes of Hawaiian government and his opinions about them. His final report was dated Nov. 9, 1892, because he returned to Japan in December. It was only one month before the Hawaiian Kingdom collapsed and transferred to the republic form of government.
The analysis in this article is not enough; a more detailed examination will be reported in the following articles. The other documents of Taizo Masaki referring to many other items will be introduced, too.
In the meantime, Robert Louis Stevenson was making a tour of the islands in the Pacific Ocean, and visited Hawaii at least twice. We have much interest in the question whether the two old friends could meet again or not.

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ハワイへの日本人の移民は1868年（明治元年）の「元年者」の153人を嚆矢とするが，本格的に大量の移民が始まったのは1885年，明治政府と当時のとの条約による「官約移民」の開始によってであり，その後の移民会社による「私約移民」，アメリカの準州となり契約労働移民が禁止となってからの「自由移民」，1908年からの日米紳士条約による移民の大幅な規制のなかでの「呼寄移民」と，その移民の類型が変わりながらも日本からのハワイ移民は1924年まで続けられ，その数は20万人を超え，そのおよそ半数がハワイに定着したとされている。これまでの地理学におけるハワイ日本人移民研究では主に出移民中心で，定着に関する研究は乏しい。またその地域もホノルルなどの都市に限られており，ハワイのそれ以外の地域に目を向けられる機会は非常に少ない。そこで本発表では，ハワイ島コナ地域を対象として，コーヒー栽培農家という定着性が強いと思われる職業への変遷，また定着化を進める要因でもあり結果でもある家族形成に着目して，ハワイへの国際移動の後の移民地内での国内移動の要因，定着への過程をあきらかにする。

　調査対象地としたハワイ島コナ地域は島部の南西にあり，貿易風の風下にあたり降水量が少ない。そのため，移民のプル要因であるサトウキビ・プラテーションの数，期間，規模などがわずかであり，初期の段階では直接の移民地ではなかった。しかし，コナはその地理的隔離性から，奴隷的な労働を強いられたプランテーションを逃げ出した移民たちの「逃れの場所」であった。また契約労働を終えた移民にとっても，コナへの移動は，自由と独立，経済的好機を得るための再移動であった。コナ地域は，コーヒー栽培が盛んとなり，小分けした土地を農家にリースしての半独立的な農業経営が行われるようになっていたからである。コーヒー栽培農家の多くは日本人移民とその家族で，1930年代には日本人移民（日系人）の居住者が地域人口の半数を超えるという，他の地域では見られない特徴があった。本研究の基礎のひとつとなっているのはコナ地域にある日本人墓地の悉皆調査である。墓標に記された名前，戒名，出身地，死亡日，年齢などを記録し，その数は合計2,700人以上におよんだ。次にハワイで発行された日本人移民のいわゆる「人名住所録」（居住地ごとに名前，出身地，職業などを記載）をデータ化した。また移民の渡航資料を調査しその結果をそこに加えた。最後に，コナまでの来歴やコナでの活動を知るため，各出身県の「布哇在留略歴帖」を利用しての質的調査を行った。この研究により，ハワイの日本人移民の移民地での研究において，プランテーションとは異なる産業を要因として日本人移民が卓越した人口構成を持つ地域の研究という新たな視点と知見を得ることができるものと考える。

　まず1909年発行の林三郎『布哇實業案内』にある「布哇在留日本人名鑑」と，1934年発行の中島陽『コナ日本人實情案内』の二つの「人名住所録」を使用して，コナ地域への定着の実態をみるため，出身地別の構成と定着者数を出し，次に職業別と家族持ちと独身の世帯数の比較と変化をみた。そして，墓地調査の結果を反映させた職業別の定着数を割り出した。その結果として，やはりコーヒー栽培農家，そして家族形成をした者の定着が強いことがわかった。しかし，その値は「死亡という定着」を入れてもコーヒー栽培農家は41.8%（他は22.8%）であった。つまり，25年というスパンで6割弱の農家がコナを去ったのである。また定着をほぼ終了した時代と思われる1934年時点での世帯主に墓地の情報を入れると，およそ半数がコナの墓地に葬られてはいない，という結果が出た。また1909年，1934年両方のデータにない被葬者の存在も明らかになった。

　この結果をさらに詳しく調べるため，25年の間を埋める資料と，1934年以後から大戦前の1941年までの資料を8冊選び，合計10冊の「人名住所録」を使用して，個人名によるコナへの移動と定着，もしくはコナからの再移動を把握する資料を作成した。その結果は4年から7年のスパンのなかで，1920年代では流入，流失とも4割から5割という高い値を示し，日本人移民の大量の流入と流失が起きており，コーヒー栽培農家と世帯主全体の値の違いもほぼなかったことがわかった。これはおそらく，コーヒー栽培農家は農業との適性，初期資本の有無などの要因により定着する者と定着できなかった者に二分されたのではないだろうかと考えられる。つまり，農家に転身できたとしてもその後の農業経営のなかで，適性のあるものは定着していき適性のない者が去る，という対流のような動きが絶えずあったのではないだろうか。しかし，その流入と流出は予想よりもはるかに大きいものであった。

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 This study is focusing on Japanese American in Stockton, Northern California, where old Japantown exist, as a case study of Japanese immigration in the world. Through the interview and housing research on Nisei and Sansei of Japanese American, it aims to clarify the feature of Japanese American housing and living situation. And also it aims to clarify the role of Japanese American community and local facility for their own history and culture.

 From 1868 to 1941, about 340,000 people had emigrated to the United States from Japan. The hometown of Japanese immigration had inclined to the western part of Japan, mainly from Chugoku and Kyushu district. And the settlement place in the United States of America had inclined to the State of Hawaii and California. Before the World War II, many of Japanese American had been engaged in the unskilled work, mainly consisting of agriculture and housekeeping. After the World War II, their work have shifted to service industry, manufacturing industry, commerce and professional.

 Harbor city Stockton, developed as the transport hub from inland, has the richest farmland in California. Many of Japanese immigrant had moved to Stockton for the work at farms and agricultural products processing plants. Near the Port of Stockton, there was one of largest Japantown in Northern California. In 1930s, the peak of Stockton Japantown, 150 species of Japanese business and 31 Japanese community had been active. After the World War II, because of highway construction and redevelopment project, the function of former Japantown had been completely dismantled.

 Nisei houses located in the south side of old Japantown. Along with the aging and the security deterioration of old residential area, Sansei had moved to the north side of new residential area. But Nisei remains in the old residential area because of the attachment to the community. At Nisei and Sansei houses, many of Japanese ornaments and articles have been arranged as interior elements. Most of those elements have been inherited from Issei to Nisei and Sansei. Moreover, the spatial elements of Japanese garden have been used at the front and back yards. And “KAMON”, inherited from Issei, have been used for the ornaments and articles, as the symbol to show their family root.

 The local facilities in Stockton, related to Japanese American history, have been functioning as the important role for cultural exchange with Nikkei community and local society. Stockton Buddhist church and Calvary Presbyterian Churchare are especially functioning as the important facilities for not only members but also fellows. The historical landmarks, Nippon Hospital and Stockton Assembly Center, registered by the State of California have been utilized as local resources to share Japanese American history and culture. With the transition from community aggregation to human network, Nikkei community activities have been maintained beyond the generations.

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　本研究は，米国ハワイ州において保全されてきた日系人に関わる歴史的環境を対象に，歴史的価値を評価する際の評価手法を明らかにすることを目的とする．本研究では，まず，米国ハワイ州において，国および州の文化財登録制度に登録されている日系人に関わる歴史的環境を抽出し，それらの価値評価内容の詳細な分析に基づき，評価の観点および評価軸を類型化した．さらに，各類型の相互関係の分析に基づき，評価手法の特徴を明らかにした．これらの成果は，日系人はもとより，他のエスニック・グループに関わる歴史的環境保全の推進に資する有益な研究成果であると考える．

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