Ending hunger in South Asia (SA) is significant from a Zero Hunger perspective because, SA is home to nearly one-fourth of the world’s population. This study takes into consideration a number of parameters to understand hunger and malnutrition in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Hunger is analyzed by SDG2.1 and Global Hunger Index (GHI); malnutrition is analyzed by SDG2.2, GHI and World Health Organization (WHO) classification. In Southern Asia the Prevalence of Undernutrition has been steadily decreasing for every country during 2004–06 to 2016–18 and reached nearly 15 percent from more than 21 percent. Except Bhutan and Sri Lanka, every other country in South Asia shows significant reduction in the percentage share of children moderately or severely stunted. Afghanistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan has proportion of children moderately or severely wasted below 10 percent, India has nearly 21 percent, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka have nearly 15 percent of children moderately or severely wasted. In South Asia, there has been a dramatic rise in the numbers of children under 5 years of age who are overweight along with increase in the percentage of obese in adult population during 2012 and 2018. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan suffer from a serious level of hunger and Sri Lanka has moderate hunger according to Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2018. Therefore, it is observed that throughout South Asia hidden hunger prevails and countries face multiple burden of malnutrition along with moderate food security. Access as well as affordability of balanced, nutritious and diverse diets is thus important for South Asian nations. However, in South Asia overall trends in hunger and undernutrition are improving which shows signs of hope while achieving an acceleration in the reduction of hunger and achieving SDG 2 in this region remains a big challenge.

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In the classical Islamic jurisprudence the Jihad is defined as ‘to expend one's life, wealth, and words in the war or the defence against infidels’. But after the collapse of the Ottoman Caliphate, the political situations of the Islamic world drastically changed, which called various responses among Muslim intellectuals. Faraj, the ideologue of the Egyptian ‘Jihad’ group demonstrates that contemporary rulers apostatize from Islam because they do not rule according to the shari'a. So it turns to be individual obligation for Muslims to go jihad against the apostate rulers, for the jihad against apostates is to precede that against native infidels and the near enemy is more dangerous than the distant. But the jihad against the rulers has now no hope to succeed, so Shaikh 'Abdulgadir, a member of the ‘Jihad’, argues that the military training for the jihad is incumbent on every sane adult Muslim who has the necessary equipments and that Muslims should elect a qualified commander by lack of the caliph.
Dr. 'Umar 'Abdurrahman, the mentor of the ‘Jama'a Isldmiya’, who classifies the rulers of the Muslim states into six categories, distinguishes the contemporary ruler from the traditional types of rulers and coins the word mustabdil for that. He concludes that the mustabdil is infidel and consequently has no legitimacy to rule and that Muslims must rise against him. Abu Ithar, Dr. 'Umar's disciple refines the conception of mustabdil and proves that the war against a mustabdil is not the rebellion which is one of the hudud crimes, but Muslim's duty.
Thus the fight against evil rulers is justified both in the framework of the jihad theory by Faraj and 'Abdulgadir, and in the discussion about the legitimacy of the caliph by Dr.' Umar and Abu Ithar.
The ‘revolutionary jihad theories’ radically differ from the classical theory of the jihad and the caliphate. In the classical Islamic jurisprudence the jihad is defined as the war against infidels and strictly separated from the notion of apostasy which is one of the hudud crimes. The caliphate theory is inserted in the chapter of the rebellion in the Islamic jurisprudence, so that it serves mainly for the justification of the temporal ruler and excludes the possibility of discussing the caliph's apostasy.

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In this article, I will focus on 97 singers whose biographies are recorded in Kitāb al-Aghānī, written by Abū al-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī. The aim is to analyze the parent-child and teacher-student relationships between the singers and the way in which the singers were connected with the courts of the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties. In the first chapter, I will analyze the 97 singers appearing in the book according to the periods during which they lived and the social status they had, with reference to a list of the singers. Subsequently, I will attempt to identify a large faction of professional singers existing among the 97 singers. In the second chapter, I will analyze how this large group of singers was connected with the courts of the Umayyad dynasty and the Abbasid dynasty. Through this analysis, I would like to make clear the social role the singers took on and also the cultural continuity between the Umayyad court and the Abbasid court. In the third chapter, I will focus on 100 Songs, that were selected from those sung in the Abbasid court. Those songs were applied by the author, Abū al-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, as the first criteria in selecting songs for Kitāb al-Aghānī. Here, it should be noted that 100 Songs includes lyrics written by singers whose individual biographies and anecdotes are not recorded in the book. A comparison between such “anonymous” singers and the large faction of major singers whose information is recorded in the book in detail will reveal the way in which people from the ninth century through the tenth century adopted and rejected information concerning the court.

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菊花の成分には優れた消炎や解毒などの作用が知られている．本研究では，食用菊の食品機能に関し栽培品種による相違を検討する観点から，脳内免疫の中心的役割を果たしているミクログリアに対する菊花ヘキサン抽出物の作用を阿房宮および延命楽で比較した．延命楽では，その抽出物はLPSにより刺激した細胞においてTNF-α の放出を抑制する作用が認められ，IC₅₀ 値は約35 µg/mLであった．しかし，ATPにより刺激した細胞のTNF-α 分泌に対しては有意な作用を認めることはできなかった．これに対し，阿房宮の抽出物ではLPSにより刺激した細胞のTNF-α の放出を抑制しなかったが，ATPにより刺激した細胞のTNF-α の放出を濃度依存的に高め，抽出物単独でもわずかに誘導することが示され，栽培品種によりTNF-α の放出に対する作用の特徴が質的に異なった．

阿房宮と延命楽系統の紫菊は国内で生産が上位の食用菊であり，多くの消費者に親しまれている．培養細胞による検討ではあるが，既報の研究成果を含め両者の成分に関する，ニューロン細胞（SH-SY5Y）の酸化傷害に対する保護作用やミクログリア細胞（MG5）に対するサイトカインの放出を比較した結果，それらの作用の特徴は両栽培品種で質的に異なっていることを示しており，脳内細胞に対する食品機能が異なる可能性が示唆された．近年，野菜や果実の健康への有用性に対する関心が高まっていて伝統野菜も見直されている．しかし，生鮮食品では品種や生産地などにより健康機能が異なっていることがあり，健康維持にこれらを役立て行く際，品種などで区別した食品機能データを蓄積して行くことが重要と考えられる．

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Sultanat of Oman located at the south-eastern edge of Arabian Peninsula covers an area of 300, 000 km².
Though almost of the area consists of desert, she has 5, 000 year history of irrigation agriculture by groundwater. Although the country produce oil, Omani people, having been aware of the limitation of the resources, have made efforts to the pervation of education and agricultural development.
The country is geographically characterized by the existence of two lines of mountain range. Oman mountain chain extending 600 km long in a direction paralle to the Batinah coast consist of many steep 3, 000 m class high peaks.
Dohar mountain chain facing to Arabian sea and extending east-west direction has an altitude of about 1, 000 m. Southern side of the mountain chain shows steep topographic feature of fault scarp. Contrary to the fact, northern side of the mountain ridge show very gentle slope and dips toward the Rube al Khali desert.
Although Sultanat of Oman climatically belongs to the tropical dry zone, it rarely severe rains in the steep slope of mountain region caused by the upstream air current. The precipitation is the source of ground water of the country. In the Batinah coastal region, irrigation water have been drawn up by small scale wells and in recent years by deep wells with Submarin pumps.
Accompany with the increase of irrigated farm, excessive pumpages have outstripped natural recharge of groundwater resulting in the intrusion of sea water.
In order to prevent salinitization of groundwater a number of recharge dams which reserve flood temporary and percolate the water under the gound have been constructed.
There are no cultivation in the Nejd region located at the northern gentle slope of Dhar mountain chain, owing to very poor available water resources. Only a few nomads are found here and there near the water shed.
In Nejd groundwater was first found out by exploration drilling for oil in 1955. In recent years it has been clarified that plenty of good quality groundwater is confined in Tertially limestone aquifers lie 300-600 m under the ground. Hydrological and hydrogeological conditions show that recharge to the aquifers is small, development would inevitably involove mining of groundwater from aquifer storage.
It was decided agricultural development must be carrid out step by step appraising the volume of groundwater resoces. Pilot farm 50 ha in area accompany with 2 production wells and 4 monitoring wells is now under construction in technical cooperation with Japan.

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目的] Buruli潰瘍の原因菌であるMycobacterium ulceransの実験的感染マウスに対するrifalazil (RLZ) とrifampicin (RFP) の発症阻止効果を比較検討した。 [方法] 5週齢のBALB/c系雌マウスの両後足蹟に, M.ulcerans97-107株のMiddlebrook7H9培養菌液25μl (CFU=4×104) を接種し, 翌日よりRLZあるいはRFP懸濁液2.5, 5および10mg/脹gを1日1回, 週5回, 6週間にわたり経口投与した。足蹟の肉眼的病変を観察するとともに腫脹を計測し, さらに治療開始2, 4および6週後における足踪と脾内CFUを測定した。 [結果] 対照群では, 感染4週後より足踪に発赤, 腫脹が, 6週後にはさらに潰瘍もみられ, 感染1日後, 2, 4および6週後のlog10CFUはそれぞれ5.22, 5.56, 6.29および7.33と増加した。一方, RLZ治療群では投与量にかかわらず足蹟に病変はみられず, またlog10CFUは2.5mg/kg投与でも2週後すでに4.14まで低下し, 10mg/kg投与では6週後に検出限界 (< 1.7) 近く (<2.1) にまで低下した。これに対してRFP治療群では全経過観察中足蹟の病変抑制とCFUの有意な低下は10mg/kg投与群のみにみられた。 [考察] これらの検討成績から, RLZはRFPよりもはるかに優れたin vivo抗M.ulcerans活性を有することが明らかにされた。

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The effect of adding porous Cu interlayer in lead-free solder on mechanical properties and microstructural were investigated. The soldering process were conduct in three different time at 267 degree.

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In this paper I deal with an unidentified manuscript held in the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Münich 378^c, which is a chronicle covering 402-436H, namely the latter part of the Buwayhid dynasty. This manuscript preserves the content of the chronicle of Hilal al-Sabi, almost all of which has been lost, and has therefore been used in the study of Buwayhid history. Because it is an unidentified manuscript, its value as a source is diminished. In this paper I was able to determine the author and title of Münich 378^c, and in that process it became clear that there is a problem of the manuscript line of Mir'at al-Zaman, and then I tried to organize this problem to.
In 1905 Amedroz examined Münich 378^c by comparing it with the manuscript of Mir'at al-Zaman Or. 4619, but he came to no conclusion about the relationship. First, I reexamined his work, and I demonstrated the reason why he did not conclude that Münich 378^c is a manuscript of Mir'at al-Zaman. Because, Or. 4619 is different from Münich 378^c with respect to contents and the number of articles.
Second, I compared Münich 378^c with manuscripts of Mir'at al-Zaman preserved in libraries of Istanbul, for example the libraries of Ahmet III and Köprülü. Münich 378^c and the manuscripts of Mir'at al-Zaman in Istanbul turned out to belong the same line of manuscripts. Namely, Münich 378^c is Mir'at al-Zaman, and the author is Sibt b. al-Jawzi.
Finally, in this paper I showed that Mir'at al-Zaman has two lines of manuscripts. Although this fact has been pointed out by Cl. Cahen and Li Guo, I demonstrated that problem of manuscript lines of Mir'at al-Zaman is more complicated than heretofore realized.

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番匠谷尭二は、生涯に渡って中東・北アフリカ地域の都市計画に携わった計画家である。清家清の門弟から出発して、パリのATBATでG.アニング、G.キャンディリスらに学んだ。その後アルジェに渡り、イスラム教徒とキリスト教徒が共存できるような住宅地計画に関する業務に従事した。1962年よりM.エコシャールとともに、国連開発計画の専門家として、ベイルート、ダマスカス、アレッポの都市基本計画を策定した。CIAMの理念も参照しつつ、彼らは自動車の導入によって旧市街の活性化を試みた。残念ながら、彼らの近代主義的政策には反対運動が起こり、番匠谷は失意の中で引退した。しかし、それでも彼の業績は多大であり、計画論的分析がなされるべきである。それは中東都市計画物語の序説となるであろう。

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直腸粘膜脱症候群 (mucosal prolapse syndrome以下MPS) に対して過大な手術を行うことは, 悪性腫瘍との鑑別を確実に行うことにより避けるべきであると勧告されてきた。今回全周性の索状狭窄を呈したMPSに対し, 索状狭窄部形成術を行い, 良好な結果を得た症例を経験した。症例は37歳, 女性。主訴は頑固な便秘と腹痛。直腸指診上, 肛門縁より約5cmの部位に全周性の索状狭窄がみられた。大腸内視鏡検査で同部位に粘膜下腫瘍様の隆起性病変による, 全周性の狭窄像を認めた。保存的治療では症状の改善が得られないと判断し, 経仙骨的直腸索状狭窄部形成術を施行した。本症の術前診断と外科的治療について検討した。その結果, 悪性疾患との鑑別を要する形態を呈しながらも, 侵襲の少ない術式が選択され有用であった1例と思われたので報告する。

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