本稿の目的は、近年

民族抵抗（RENAMO）の武装勢力と国軍・警察の衝突のメカニズムを明らかにすることである。考察の際の着目点は、当事者であるRENAMOの除隊兵士の処遇の変化と、RENAMOの弱体化の関係である。では1992年に内戦を国際社会の仲介によって終結させ、紛争当事者を政党として複数政党制を導入して以来、解放戦線（FRELIMO）が政権与党を担っている。しかし、FRELIMOは選挙において必ずしも圧倒的な勝利を収めてきたわけではない。だからこそFRELIMOは一方で支持基盤を固めるために自らの陣営の退役軍人・除隊兵士を厚遇し、他方でRENAMOの弱体化を図り、結果的にRENAMO側の除隊兵士は排除されてきた。近年のRENAMOの再武装化は、紛争当事者の処遇に格差をつけた当然の結果であり、それを国軍・警察が鎮圧する構図となっている。

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　2019年3月にサイクロン・イダイが

市付近に上陸し，甚大な被害が発生した．サイクロン・イダイ来襲時は，比較的潮位が低く，高潮被害はなかったが，高潮位時の被害が危惧された．そこで，本研究では，市を対象として，サイクロン・イダイによる被害状況を踏まえて高潮特性を分析し，サイクロン規模と潮位条件を考慮して高潮ハザードマップを作成したものである．

　結果として，当該地域におけるサイクロンの移動速度が非常に遅いため，満潮と重なる可能性が高く，サイクロンと大潮の同時生起が被害状況に大きく影響を与えることが分かった．さらに，

市に最も危険なサイクロンコースはWNWと特定できた．この検討で策定したハザードマップは，2021年5月に広く市民に公開され，関連計画や先方政府の能力強化に活用されている．

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Forty eight members belonged to Japan Self Defense Force took part in ONUMOZ (Operation des Nations Unisis en Mozambique) as the second Movement Control Company from Nov. 1993 to Jun. 1994. I belonged to the company and stayed in Mozambique during the period. As malaria is rampant in Mozambique, I used mefloquin 250mg/week as prophylaxis follwing the recommendations of ONUMOZ, W.H.O. and the Ministry of Health in France. In view of the necessary concentration of the drug and the incubation period of Plasmodium falciparum, we took the drug from the day one week before we left Japan to the day four weeks after returning. The total tablets each members took was 36 (except for four who dropped out). We investigated the symptomatic and laboratory side effects of this prophylactic treatment.
The following symptoms were observed as side effects of mefloquin : general fatigue 16.7%, headache 12.5%, nausea & vomiting 4.2%, vertigo 2.1%, diarrhea 2.1% (two cases each of general fatigue and headache overlapped). Mean WBC was evevated post-return in comparison to pre-departure. Liver function of four cases deteriorated slightly in comparison to pre-departure, three months after arriving, and post-return. Two each members who suffered general fatigue and headache prolonged the period of taking the drug for one week to two weeks from 4 months after arriving to 4 weeks after returning because the symptoms had worsened. But there were no serious side effects during the prophylactic period.
Over 200 members of ONUMOZ contracted malaria from Feb. 1994 to Apr. 1994, but I had no malaria outbreak in the Japanese contingent.
ONUMOZ provided mefloquin to all members for prophylaxis and two out of three field hospital used mefloquin for malaria treatment as the first choice, but no malaria resistant to mefloquin had been reported as of the beginning of August 1994.
We conclude that mefloquin is effective for malaria prophylaxis in Mozambique, and minor side effects are observed in only 33.3% of subjects in good health.

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International food price shocks in 2007/8, 2011 and 2012 caused large-scale foreign investment in land for the purpose of fostering food security. Large-scale land acquisitions have occasionally left small landholders and their communities in crisis of survival, because they meant the loss of the lands that were their major method of livelihood. In Japan, there are few research papers on such acts of ‘land grabbing’. However, the current administration of Japan promotes foreign agricultural investment, and introduced the so-called ProSAVANA project in Northern Mozambique which created severe negative impact on local societies. This paper examines the general trends in global land acquisition, followed by the political background of ProSAVANA, which is closely related with the G8 New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition and African Agricultural Growth Corridor initiated at the World Economic Forum, and what is happening under ProSAVANA.
The main purpose of the ProSAVANA project is to promote soybean production. If this purpose is fully realized, Mozambique can achieve the status of a major soybean exporting country. This change will reorganize agro-food regime in soybean, which means the movement of the new agro-food regime which integrates the whole process of the soybean supply chain by vertical division of labor in multinational agribusinesses and linkages with new agribusinesses in emerging countries like Brazil. Finally, I suggest some points to be discussed about large-scale land acquisition and raise the ethical question of the mission of the researcher who is engaged in studying such forms of land grabbing.

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Japan should be more aware of the vulnerability of supply of rare metals, especially cobalt from southern Africa. The production of Zaire and Zambia amounts to 74% of cobalt and 8% of copper of the world's production. However, since 1982 its production has been declining. Zaire and Zambia urge to help for improvement of mining and transport facilities. Zambia is dependent upon road and rail way systems link to ports in neighbouring countries for imports and exports. This report describes the current situation of transportation and mining in the area of the Copperbelt.

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 Until the 1970s the French school of geography exerted a tremendous influence on Portuguese geographers, many of whom made major contributions to studies on the relationship between nature and human beings. Since the Carnation Revolution in 1974, however, various strands of geographical thought have been introduced to the discipline of geography in Portugal, due to increasing academic exchanges with foreign scholars, which have led to a gradual diversification of themes in studies of geography. For instance, research on regional planning and urban planning has progressed since the 1980s, making applied geography one of the mainstreams of geographical studies in Portugal. Recently, research institutions in the major universities of Portugal have also been reorganized, obtaining corporate status to receive more research funds. They are expected to produce excellent research outputs soon after their establishment.

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The period from middle 2014 to early 2015 will be surely remembered by the rapid drop of metal and oil prices. Many remarkable results have been reported, however, in the explolarion and production fields of minerals and energy resources as follows: 1) Japan has received copper concentrates from the Caserones mine and the Sierra Gorda mine, Chile 2) production of lithium caobonate has been started at the Olaroz Lake in Algentina, 3) oil was found at a structure in the Barents Sea, a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, following to the discovery at two fields from 2013 to 2014, 4) oil and gas production has been started by several oil fields in Norway, Abu Dhabi, Australia and USA, and 5) a coal mine has opened at Caval Ridge, Australia.

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In 1994, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) launched a global project on anti?tuberculosis drug resistance surveillance. The results from the first 4 years (1994-1997) and the second 4 years (1996-1999) of the projects were reported in 1998 and 2000, respectively. These surveillance results showed that resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs is a global problem. The reports also showed that there were several hot spots around the world where prevalence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB, defined as resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampin) was particularly high and could possibly threaten control programs.
The Tuberculosis Research Committee of Japan (Ryoken) has conducted nationwide surveys for drug resistant tuberculosis at 2- or 5-yearly intervals since 1957. The 1997survey showed that among patients with no prior treatment, resistance to any of the four drugs was found in 10.3 %, and the prevalence of primary MDR was 0.8%. The prevalence of drug resistance in the previously treated cases was 42.4 % for any of the four drugs and 19.7 % for MDR, indicating a high prevalence rate compared with those reported in the global project. Compared with the previous survey in 1992, the current survey shows increased prevalence of drug resistance in both new and re-treatment cases. No significant differences in resistance rates by sex, age group, nationality, district, and/or accompanying diseases were observed in any of the new or re-treatment cases. Other factors associated with the high prevalence in re-treatment cases remain to be determined.
A total of 78 hospitals in various districts of Japan participated the cooperative study. Each collaborating laboratory sent all the isolated mycobacterial cultures to the Research Institute of Tuberculosis (RIT). In the local laboratories, the absolute concentration method using 1 % Ogawa egg slant, its modified methods using a 48-well plate and a 16-well plate, combination of above 2 or 3 methods, and other method were used for drugsusceptibility testing, and the proportion method using 1 % Ogawa egg slant was used in the RIT. The results in the local laboratories were compared with those in the RIT. There was no significant difference in the concordance rates according to the test drugs among methods for drug susceptibility testing used in the local laboratories. Relatively lower concordance rates were seen in the laboratories using the Microtiter method related to high overestimation rates, compared with those in the laboratories using the standard method and Well—pack method. However, relatively lower concordance rates (less than 90%) were seen in the laboratories using any of the three methods, indicating that there are variations among facilities.

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世界保健機関 (WHO) は最近2006年から2010年までの5年間のハンセン病の活動戦略を発表した。ハンセン病の現状を総括し、現在は9ヶ国の制圧目標未達成であるが、近い将来ハンセン病制圧が達成されると考えられる。今後は患者の早期発見、正確な診断、早期治療、障害の予防、さらにハンセン病の活動が継続的に実施され、新規患者数の減少が期待されている。

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The objective of this research is to evaluate performance of the structural adjustment program in Malawi. Facing an economic crisis in the early 1980s, the Government of Malawi started implementing the. structural adjustment polices with the support of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
Main goals of the adjustment policies are rectification of imbalances of external payments and efficient use of resources. The major policies are categorised as encouragement of production of tradable goods, increase in efficiency of markets, and sound management of public resources.
Items of evaluation are defined to be extent of implementation and impact of the structural adjustment program. As the adjustment program is composed of the structural adjustment policies adopted by the Government, and support from donors, the implementation and impact of each of the two is separately analysed.
Regarding the extent of implementation of the adjustment program, most of major policies were successfully implemented. Fiscal deficits were significantly reduced, while an exchange rate of Malawian currency was frequently devalued. Prices for produce of smallholder farmers were also raised, a sharp contrast with the previous disincentives given by a public purchasing agency.
With respect to impact of the structural adjustment program, comparison is made between economic performance during the period of 1980-82, which saw the economic crisis, and that for 1983-87, when most of the important structural adjustment policies were implemented.
The impact of the adjustment program is positive. Current account deficits of the international balance of payments were substantially reduced. Production and exports rose significantly, mainly in the sector of tradable goods. In addition, smallholder farmers increased their production and sales in response to pricing policies of the structural adjustment program.
Finally, donors increased their assistance to Malawi, which sustained the adjustment efforts of the Government.

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The H1N1 influenza pandemic and the foot-and-mouth epidemics, which both caused worldwide panic and economic disruption, are examples of infectious diseases that do not only directly harm human health, but also bring about social and economic turmoil. Given the possibility of such biological agents being used in acts of bio-terrorism, providing counter-measures against such threats in order to minimize social and economic damage is a major challenge for the modern world in creating an environment in which one can live without fear. Dealing with this challenge requires a full-scale global approach comprising all relevant actors not only in the public health sector, but also the public and private sectors of animal and plant epidemiology, security, law enforcement, as well as academia and industry. The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) is also envisaged to play a role in countering biological threats. This article is to consider the ways to strengthen the effectiveness of the BWC with a view towards the coming 7th Review Conference of the BWC in December this year.

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目的　健康格差の縮小が公衆衛生上の課題となっている。世界保健機関の「健康の社会的決定要因に関する委員会（CSDH）」は，1. 生活環境の改善，2. 権力・資金・資源の不公正な分配への対応と多部門連携，3. 課題の評価（健康格差のモニタリング）と活動のインパクトアセスメントの3項目の実行を推奨し，「健康の公正性サー

ンスの枠組み」の中でモニタリング項目を提案した。日本と諸外国のヘルスプロモーション施策を分析し，CSDHの提言との適合性を検討するとともに，日本のヘルスプロモーション施策に資する社会環境を整備するための提言を行うことを目的とした。

方法　日本，アメリカ，イングランド，スウェーデン，タイのヘルスプロモーション施策に関する文書をレビューした。健康格差の定義とそのヘルスプロモーション施策における位置付け，評価指標を抄出し，CSDHが推奨する上記3項目と「健康の公正性サー

ンスの枠組み」に基づき各文書の内容を分類し，それぞれの内容について各国間の類似点と相違点を分析した。

結果　健康格差の定義は，日本，アメリカ，イングランド，スウェーデンで概ね類似していたが，日本では健康格差対策がなぜ必要であるかといった具体的な記述が少なかった。生活環境の改善に向けたアプローチの位置づけや重視する点は各国で異なっていた。日本は社会参加の機会と社会資源へのアクセスの確保，アメリカは客観的指標による評価，イングランドは社会的に恵まれない個人や地区への重点支援，スウェーデンはライフコースにわたるユニバーサルな介入，タイは多部門連携を計画していた。すべての国が権力・資金・資源の不公正な分配への対応と多部門連携に関する活動の実施を計画していた。アメリカはレビューした国の中で最多である187項目の社会的要因をモニタリングしており，所得や障害などの健康格差に関する幅広い視点や，保健分野以外の情報を用いた評価，個人，地域，国の政策など多様なレベルの評価項目が含まれていた。

結論　上記レビュー結果より，日本における健康格差縮小に向けた社会環境整備とその評価の充実に向けて次の3つを提案する。すなわち(1)健康格差をより多面的に捉え，対策の必要性を訴求し推進すること，(2)健康の決定要因の構造とその多面性を考慮して目標を設定すること，(3)保健分野以外の組織と協働した取り組みや指標の活用を行うことである。

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This paper intends to clarify block formation and building types of Pettah, Colombo, Sri Lanka, and analyze their transformation process. The research on which this paper is based is the further study of the project called 'Field Research on Origin, Transformation, Conversion and Conservation of Urban Space of Colonial Cities', which the major targets are Dutch colonial cities all over the world. Further to this project, comparing colonial cities in South Asia, in terms of spatial formation and transformation is the ambitious objective of this research. Another purpose is to elucidate the Dutch way of houses construction in their colonial cities, where in Pettah. Dutch developed the form of town houses for high-density living. Colombo was once a head quarter of Ceylon, which was one of five administrative districts laid by Dutch East India Company (VOC) on South Asia. Pettah was planned for a city centre of Colombo as a residental area for European citizens. Pettah also played important roll as a commercial centre in British period when the city experienced rapid growth. At present, a large part of town houses are reconstructed. However its street network, block formation and plots are still remaining. This paper clarifies transformation of spatial formation of Peuha from Portuguese ruled period to today, highlighting Dutch ruled period. First of all, this paper illustrates the following topics: the spatial structure of the former Portuguese fort, the construction process of Colombo fort by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and its spatial structure, and its influence over the British ruling period. In addition, this paper also examines the influence of Simon Stevin's plan of the 'Ideal City' on the spatial formation of Colombo fort. Simon Stevin, was one of the most famous scientists in Europe in the Seventeenth century. Simon Stevin had great influence over military engineering and city construction in his own country. Finally, based on our field survey, this paper clarifies the spatial organization of the present Pettah by analyzing its block formation and distribution pattern of facilities. The authors suggest that the Dutch colonial town planning is still playing a critical role in the spatial formation of Pettah

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世界保健機関(WHO) は2008 年３月６～７日にエジプトのカイロで、第９回ハンセン病制圧のための技術勧告会議（Ninth Meeting of the WHO Technical Advisory Group on Leprosy Control）を開催し、その内容が報告書としてまとめられ、WHO 南東アジア局から出版された。会議では、世界のハンセン病の状況が報告されるとともに、今後のハンセン病制圧活動の課題が討議されている。

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