The theme of this paper is to clarify the "shifting to school" process in training for a hairdresser before the war, from apprenticeship to school education. The school defined here is Kakusyu Gakko (a school in the miscellaneous category) established under Shiritu Gakko Rei (Private school law) enacted in 1899. Consequently, "shifting to school" means transforming from apprenticeship to Kakusyu Gakko. How did the skill and knowledge required to a hairdresser change as a result of the transformation of training style? I discuss the internal aspects of this change from the following two points. First, western hairdressing technique such as marcel wave and permanent wave were introduced into Japan from abroad and both waves became popular in about ten years. Since western technique was not found in Japanese hairdressing skill, hair dressers such as Chieko Yamano who returned from abroad with this western technique attracted public attention, Kamiyui became a profession called a hairdresser. The professional faculty as a hairdresser could be acquired either by becoming an apprentice to such a hairdresser returned from abroad or by taking school education. As it was possible both to master a general cosmetology in a short period and to learn only western hairdressing at school, with the popularization of western hairstyle, Kamiyui who had a training under a Japanese hairdressing apprenticeship started to go to school to acquire western hairdressing technique. One of the factors in "shifting to school" was caused by the fact that western hairdressing technique was brought to the Japanese hairdressing apprenticeship, in other words, to the Japanese hairdressing skill. Secondly, the introduction of cosmetology technique examination system is thought to be a determinant factor in "shifting to school". It was 1930 that the first examination was executed in Tokyo under the control of the Metropolitan Police Department. Business activities were not permitted without passing the examination. It was a written examination testing the knowledge of hygiene, rules and regulations required for business activities. A practical examination was not enforced until 1947. The Metropolitan Police Department considered testing the knowledge of such fields to be the main point of this examination. The schools increased the number of lectures given by professors studying subjects related to the examination or established new schools in order to prepare for the examination. The number of schools built between 1929 and 1931 amounted to seven. Since fifteen schools were founded between 1913 and 1935, approximately half of the total schools were established in this period. The other factor in "shifting to school" was caused by the fact that the knowledge for written examination was attached great importance as a requirement for a hairdresser's qualification.
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