本稿は，

テキーラにおける観光地の形成プロセスを観光に関わるアクターの取組みと景観整備に着目しながら明らかにした．1990年代後半にツアー会社主導で始まったテキーラの観光は，2000年代に入り行政の観光促進プログラム導入や世界遺産登録，テレビドラマの舞台化などの外的要因を受け観光地としての整備がなされていった．観光地化のプロセスではツアー会社やガイド，蒸留所など観光に関わるアクターが登場し，積極的に観光を促進した．当初，各アクターはテキーラのローカル性を強調する事物や事象を積極的に採用していったが，観光が発展するに従いメキシコを象徴するような対象も利用するようになった．現在は大手蒸留所が大規模な観光施設を建設し，観光客を誘引する主要なアクターとなっている．

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The dish known as Chiles en Nogada, decorated with the three colors of the Mexican flag, is considered the symbol of Independence Day in contemporaiy Mexico. The purpose of this paper is to examine the process of creating this Mexican national cuisine, and to explore the positioning of this dish in the cookbooks of Josephine Velazquez de Leon, renowned as the mother of Mexican cuisine. Indigenous dishes made with com, and more recently created cuisine from rural Mexico, were accepted by all citizens, including the ruling class, between the 1940s and 1960s, after the Mexican Revolution. These dishes have become recognized as Mexican national cuisine. Examination of cookbooks published during this era has revealed that Chiles en Nogada was described as only one of several regional dishes associated with St. Augustine Day in August: Chiles en Nogada did not yet play an important role in integrating and unifying Mexican citizens.

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The Constitution Square located in the historical district of Mexico City, known as el Zócalo, has been the political, religious and commercial center of Mexico since the fourteenth century. Currently, El Zócalo is a place where political events such as Independence Day ceremonies are held, and it is also a base for demonstrative activities by a Mexican citizen. Government authorities that manage El Zócalo say that the space is a symbol of the public’s identity, but many people who participate in demonstrative activities there insists that the reason of their activities is not only because El Zócalo is a symbol of the state power, but also because it is home ground for people on the opposition side. This study aimed to clarify how El Zócalo became one of the most important national symbols for Mexican citizens in various positions. We analyzed the quality and vicissitudes of the space of El Zócalo and its usage through graphical analysis of plans and pictures of the place of each period, from the Late Post-Classic Period to date, and the review of the background studies, the colonial period chronicle, and articles from magazines and newspapers.

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本稿は、2024年に本格化したメキシコの憲法改正論議について司法制度改革に着目し、その起源、政治過程、そして帰結を詳細に分析したうえで、メキシコの民主主義への含意について考察する。2024年6月に実施された連邦選挙では、AMLOが「第4の変革」を実現するための憲法改正が最大の争点となった。選挙期間中、憲法改正を支持する勢力と反対する勢力の間で激しい対立が繰り広げられ、メキシコ社会に大きな分断をもたらした。選挙の結果、与党「国民再生運動」（Morena）候補であり、AMLOの側近として知られるシェインバウムが圧勝した。また、同選挙の結果、連邦議会上下両院で与党連合が憲法改正に必要な特別多数（3分の2以上）を獲得する見通しが立ったことから、裁判官の公選制導入を柱とする司法制度改革が急速に進められた。この動きに対して、改革に反対する司法府職員によるストライキが発生し、大学生を中心とする抗議運動が全国規模で広がったものの、10月の新政権発足前には司法制度改革が実現するに至った。一方、憲法改正に反対する勢力は、この改革が司法府による行政府へのチェック機能を弱め、民主主義の後退を導くと批判している。しかし、民主主義に関する指標を見ると、AMLO政権下では自由で公正な選挙やチェック・アンド・バランスの水準が低下した一方で、市民の政治参加のレベルは向上した。この点を考慮すると、メキシコにおいて民主主義が後退していると結論付けるのは時期尚早である。

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This study investigated the indigenousness of pelota mixteca, a ball game played in Oaxaca state, Mexico, focusing on the relationship between sports equipment and body techniques. One significant aspect of sports cultural studies is the study of sports techniques. The evolution of any given sport is accompanied by improvement and transformation of movement techniques and the invention of sports equipment. In early times, pelota mixteca players used their bare hands, as was the case in traditional European ball games. However, one man began to use a glove to protect his hand, and gradually other players came to adopt this practice. The glove was subsequently improved and its intended use changed from hand protection to hitting the ball harder. The ball was also modified so that it could fly further. These changes in equipment affected the body techniques used in the game. Before they began using a heavy glove and ball, it is quite likely that pelota mixteca players used the same hitting techniques as those seen in European ball games. After adopting the heavy glove and ball, the stroke style changed from swinging to punching or bouncing. These transformations in body techniques and sports equipment characterized the indigenousness of pelota mixteca.

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 This study is focusing on Japanese American in Stockton, Northern California, where old Japantown exist, as a case study of Japanese immigration in the world. Through the interview and housing research on Nisei and Sansei of Japanese American, it aims to clarify the feature of Japanese American housing and living situation. And also it aims to clarify the role of Japanese American community and local facility for their own history and culture.

 From 1868 to 1941, about 340,000 people had emigrated to the United States from Japan. The hometown of Japanese immigration had inclined to the western part of Japan, mainly from Chugoku and Kyushu district. And the settlement place in the United States of America had inclined to the State of Hawaii and California. Before the World War II, many of Japanese American had been engaged in the unskilled work, mainly consisting of agriculture and housekeeping. After the World War II, their work have shifted to service industry, manufacturing industry, commerce and professional.

 Harbor city Stockton, developed as the transport hub from inland, has the richest farmland in California. Many of Japanese immigrant had moved to Stockton for the work at farms and agricultural products processing plants. Near the Port of Stockton, there was one of largest Japantown in Northern California. In 1930s, the peak of Stockton Japantown, 150 species of Japanese business and 31 Japanese community had been active. After the World War II, because of highway construction and redevelopment project, the function of former Japantown had been completely dismantled.

 Nisei houses located in the south side of old Japantown. Along with the aging and the security deterioration of old residential area, Sansei had moved to the north side of new residential area. But Nisei remains in the old residential area because of the attachment to the community. At Nisei and Sansei houses, many of Japanese ornaments and articles have been arranged as interior elements. Most of those elements have been inherited from Issei to Nisei and Sansei. Moreover, the spatial elements of Japanese garden have been used at the front and back yards. And “KAMON”, inherited from Issei, have been used for the ornaments and articles, as the symbol to show their family root.

 The local facilities in Stockton, related to Japanese American history, have been functioning as the important role for cultural exchange with Nikkei community and local society. Stockton Buddhist church and Calvary Presbyterian Churchare are especially functioning as the important facilities for not only members but also fellows. The historical landmarks, Nippon Hospital and Stockton Assembly Center, registered by the State of California have been utilized as local resources to share Japanese American history and culture. With the transition from community aggregation to human network, Nikkei community activities have been maintained beyond the generations.

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