オランダにおける地域レベルでの生態ネットワーク計画のプロセスについて明らかにするため, 3つの事例の比較検討を行った。その結果, 上位計画として国土生態ネットワーク計画が重要な位置を占めていること, 計画は,(1) 自然環境調査にもとつくベースマップの作成, 下 (2) ネットワークの目標種の選定,(3) 目標種の環境要求性, とりわけその生息に必要とされるタイプのハビタットの面積や移動特性の把握,(4) 下目標種の生息, 移動に配慮したコアエリア, 自然創出区域, 生態的回廊の配置, という生態学的な検討が行われた上で, 生態的インフラストラクチャーの整備計画が策定される, というプロセスにより立案されていること, 生態的インフラストラクチャーの事業実施は計画主体によるコーディネートにより推進されていること, が明らかとなった。

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In order to harmonize the urban land use system with ecologically sound wildlife system, it is necessary to identify the various characteristics of spatial linkage among the different types of biotopes. The design scheme to evaluate spatial linkages of biotopes is proposed in this paper. First, a comprehensive table of 13 biotope types is presented which enables us to recognize visually the spatial linkage by the combinations of biotope types. Secondly, 22 ecological indicators which represent the species living in similar environmental conditions are selected. The ecologically important combinations of biotopes are evaluated by specifying biotopes where the indicators live for the purpose of bleeding, feeding and taking a rest. Thirdly, in the elementary experimental survey in and around the urban ecological park, existent combinations of biotope types in 1956, 1977 and 1995 are analyzed by means of mapping the spatial distribution of biotopes. The ratio of existent combination to total kinds of combination for each ecological indicator is calculated as the way to realize the transition of spatial linkage of biotopes. Finally, the integrated spatial linkage of biotopes is assessed by classifying the combination according to variety of high, middle and low level of niche. Moreover, the guideline of environmental restoration planning is discussed.

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In order to reduce the effect of development plan to naturalenvironment, it is necessary to evaluate the ecological characteristics of spatial linkage among habitats inthe area. The evaluation system for ecological network characteristics in suburban developmentarea is proposed in this paper. Evaluation flow is established to integrate ecological andregionalinformation. The authors selected raccoon dog as a environmental index species, applied this systemin two newtown district, Abuyama Newtown in Takatsuki City and Sanda Woody Town in Sanda City, around Hokusetu area as a case study. In consequence, it was suggested that Abuyama wassuperior to Sanda in current indexes such as the percentage of green spaces, on the otherhand, the ecological network characteristics of the latter district were evaluated higher than theformer.

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近年，日本人理学療法士の海外進出が多くみられるようになった。しかし，オランダにおける臨床活動と卒後教育に関する報告はまだ少ないのが現状である。本論文は，筆者が日本で理学療法士養成校を卒業した後，オランダで8 年間に渡り臨床活動を行っていることに加え，理学療法士としてプロサッカークラブや理学療法クリニックで行っている臨床業務，また，卒後教育の特徴について紹介したものである。

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オランダでは, 生物多様性を維持する目的で生態ネットワークを形成することが, 国土計画における重要な政策として1990年に採用された。生態ネットワーク計画は, 動植物のハビタットの分断化を防ぎ, 生態系の水平的なつながりを回復しようとするもので, 景観生態学的な調査に基づいて立案され, 中央政府・地方政府・NGO等の協力のもとに, 生態的インフラストラクチャー整備によって実現が図られつつある。本稿では, 生態ネットワーク計画の理論的背景, 計画内容, 実現戦略について文献と現地調査に基づいて整理し, その特徴を考察した。

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Private trade had been carried on steadily through agents, naitsuji, ever since the Dutch had settled on Deshima. But in the first decade of the eighteenth century, the company's servants did not find such private trade very profitable. Using Dutch records, the author analysed the general decline imports of basic commodities and the way in which the company met the orders of the Nagasaki kaisho, maximizing profits while keeping overall trade within the quota limits. Shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune encouraged the development of 'Dutch learning'. During his reign, the general ban of possession of Dutch books was removed. The Dutch enjoyed greater freedom both in Edo and Nagasaki, which gave them better opportunities both private trade and smuggling. From the latter half of the 1730s, while the trade volume of the company decreased sharply, private trade seems to have flourished. In the late eighteenth century, the time of Tanuma Okitsugu, the overall improvement in living standards and the diversification of popular culture encouraged a new demand for luxury goods, and particularly a taste for exotica. This caused an increase in imports of all things Dutch and 'Hollandophiles' appeared. In the social and cultural climate of this era, the company's servants must have found many openings for private trade. Throughout the eighteenth century, Japan had been achieving sself-sufficiency in all the basic commodities. The emergence of domestic import substitutes clearly made the company's trade less profitable. However, the emergence of a rich merchant class led to an ever-increasing demand for a variety of luxury goods and novelties from Europe which allowed private trade to flourish.

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The objective of the paper is to examine the process of cross-sectoral acceptance of the idea of “spatial quality”, that has been one of the key concepts in the Netherlands’ spatial planning, and its diffusion in the municipal urban and regional planning. The discussions over the “spatial quality” in broad sense were carried out in the three sectors, which were the Ministry of VROM that first used the term in 1982, the Ministry of V&W that introduced the term “LNC” values in the 1970’s, and the Ministry of LNV that put forward the term “landscape quality” within the Landscape Vision in 1992. The process can be understood in terms of four periods, which ccan be called as those of “issue identification”, “dispersive introduction of the ideas”, “integration of the ideas”, and “diffusion to the municipalities”. Integration of these ideas was intermediated by several concepts such as “casco concept”,“multiple landuse”, and the groups such as the Big Group, Eo Wijers Foundation and Habiforum，and some particular events such as planning and implementation of the Room for the River Program.

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