In contemporary budo studies, budo education that aims for personal development presupposes the theory of the mind-body relationship with a holistic view of both dimensions. A characteristic of this method is the emphasis placed on the physical body with a “body → mind” vector in which the body changes the mind. The educational objective of psychological influences is to deepen and enhance the mind. The mind is defined as having two kinds of spirituality: “artistic and seeking of a Way” and “ethical and moral”. It is generally accepted in Japan that the educational power of budo is based on this logic.

The purpose of this research is to examine whether the logic of budo identified here is applicable outside Japan. In other words, the question “Can the educational power of budo work overseas?” will be examined using specific and extreme international examples.

Not much time has passed in Eastern Europe since the regime change in 1989 and the outbreak of the Yugoslavia Conflict in 1991. There is a man who has experienced walking the line between life and death, but who is still young and in good health. He has been practising budo for a long time as a means of spiritual nourishment. The subject of this research is Soldier-A, a former combatant in the Yugoslavia Conflict.

In this research, transcripts of an interview conducted for a Hungarian radio programme, memoirs written voluntarily by the subject, a transcript of a ZOOM interview, and email interviews were analysed.

A qualitative analysis of the aforementioned text was conducted in the conventional philological method, and the thought process of the subject was clarified.

Soldier-A, formerly a combatant in the Yugoslavia Conflict, started budo mainly due to his poor family environment. He then served as s a sniper during the conflict. Soldier-A has experienced killing enemy combatants in mortal combat, and this ultimately led to a sense of alienation after the conflict, as well as suffering from sleep disorders and nightmares, mental problems and suicide attempts. It became clear that budo helped Soldier-A overcome these problems.

This paper confirmed that extreme mental disorders developed through wartime experience that required therapy can be helped through the practice of budo. Soldier-A’s example shows that budo training can lead to the restoration of humanity in a manner similar to which has already been proposed by earlier scholars in Japan.

Thus, in this case study from Eastern Europe, we could confirm that the logic of budo education, as touted in budo studies, in Japan is applicable outside Japan as well. In other words, “The educational power of budo works overseas.”

Furthermore, it is possible to develop through budo in Christian cultures. Japanese martial arts philosophy also functions in the Descartesian world of mind-body dualism. As practice progresses, it becomes apparent that “artistic and seeking of a Way” was followed by “ethical and moral,” and likewise that the content of “artistic and seeking spirituality” deepened and evolved as the practice progressed.

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バセドウ病は強いストレスなどの心理社会的要因と発症との関連が示されている．また，再燃を繰り返す，治療開始後数年経っても寛解しないなどのいわゆる難治症例において，心理社会的要因の関連も示唆されている．これまでに，ライフイベントや日常いらだちごとのほか，抑うつ，神経症傾向，アレキシサイミア，過剰適応傾向などとの関連が報告されている．バセドウ病では抑うつや不安をしばしば伴うが，甲状腺機能の正常化により必ずしも改善しないことから，本症に伴う抑うつや不安は甲状腺ホルモン過剰のみで説明することができない．

橋本病は甲状腺機能低下症が抑うつ症状を引き起こすという観点のみならず，アレキシサイミア，抑うつ，不安などとの関連が報告され，本症においても心身相関の存在が示唆される．しかし少数例での検討が多く，今後さらなる研究の蓄積が必要と思われる．

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the question of "what is sport in the context of development". Various kinds of development assistance have been given since World War II. However, the gap between developed and developing countries is still large. As a means of solving this North-Sourth inequality, attention has been drawn to sport as a new means of development in recent years. For instance, collaborative projects have been launched by the UNDP and IOC, and also the FAO and IOC in developing countries. These projects suggest that sport has come to be accepted as a form of development assistance. The number of IOC and IF member countries exceeds that of UN member countries. Therefore these organizations have the merit of being able to integrate the developed and developing countries on a global level, through the international character of sport rules. International sport organizations place themselves at the core of the power structure and have come to enforce their power on behalf of peripheral developing countries. The paper looks closely at the background to world-wide development of integrating organizations and describes the unexpected problems that have been occurring in the developing countries.

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今日に至るまで様々な視角から数多くの紛争下における女性への性暴力に関する研究が進められてきた。本稿の目的は、それらの研究が抱える問題点を指摘してきた先行研究をレビューし、紛争下の女性への性暴力研究を再検討することである。

先行研究が指摘してきた点として本稿で検討したのは次の４つである。すなわち一つ目に、性暴力の様々な要因を明確にすることなしに「戦争の武器」としてレイプを論じ、女性の保護を謳うことは、女性を「保護される存在」とするがゆえに攻撃対象としての価値を生み出すジェンダーの再生産・強化をもたらす危険があることである。二つ目に、紛争下における女性への性暴力が第三世界の「野蛮さ」を象徴するものとして表象されている点である。三つ目に、紛争下における女性への性暴力の複合的要因を無視し、その要因を「ジェンダー」だけに求めることは、性暴力を「自然化」させてしまう危険があることである。そして四つ目に、「紛争下の性暴力」の被害者の中でも女性被害者に関心を集中させることは、「女性＝被害者」「男性＝加害者」という二項対立の図式を固定化し、男性の被害者を不可視化させる点である。

こうした問題を回避するための方法として、本稿で取り上げた先行研究が示唆しているのは、サバイバーを取り巻くローカルなジェンダーやセクシュアリティ、人種、民族、宗教、グローバルな経済構造をめぐる権力関係の分析と、そしてこの問題に向き合う者とサバイバーとの間にある権力関係に対する意識化である。

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