風土の教育者(1885∼1937)は旧制諏訪中学校において教鞭をとり、独自の地理教育を展開した。その影響は一学校内にとどまらず、講演会や研究会活動、著作文献などを通して諏訪地方、長野県下の学界·産業界に広く影響を及ぼした。また執筆した学術論文も百二十余篇を数え、中央の学界にも三澤の名前と研究は知られていた。このように、三澤は教育者としてのみならず研究者としても稀有な存在であった。現在においても再評価がなされている三澤であるが、本研究は、の旧制諏訪中学校における授業を聴講した元生徒達へのインタビュー資料を中心に、三澤の地理教育と地域振興について再検証を行うことを目的とするものである。

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の本格的な地理学研究は,旧制諏訪中学校着任後の1921年ごろから始められた。それは円本の近代人文地理学史の初期にあたり,彼は,地理学の領域をはるかに越えた読書と精級な野外調査によって,1937年に死去するまでに数多くの最高水準の業績を積み上げた。特に1926年以降の成果が顕著で,当初は「地域の力」や「地表現象」のような独自の用語によって地理学を論じ,小田内通敏との交流の中で,歴史的考察を含めた経済地理学的な地域研究を行なった。1929年頃からは,辻村太郎や田中啓爾との交流を感じさせる術語「地理(学)的洪観」「地域性」「地理(学)的地域」を用いて地理学を論じ,景観概念を駆使した地域研究を発表した。この研究には歴史的考察が後退しており,当時の主流景観論の影響を多少被ったことがうかがえる。しかし一方,独自性と先見性を有した彼の論考は,いわゆる中央の学界に相当大きな波紋を及ぼしたと考えられる。1933年末,彼は「地域性」に替わる「風土性」を創案して中央学界と狭を分かち,このエコロジー的な要素をもつ概念を用いて不況下の信州の農山村に入り,風土産業と風土生活による地域振興を説くに至った。

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The area in consideration comprises 885 neatly arranged but almost about tennis court dimensioned paddy fields, several gentle brooks, numerous straight foot-paths and cart-roads together with about a dozen of lotus marshes in a region of 1.5km×0.6km in the Delta Plain south of Lake Suwa.
In the autumn of 1935 the writer investigated the variety of the rice crop cutlivated at each field, which he entered, in a map of 1:7000. The numerous tiny hatched tetrahedrons were the paddy fields where the variety styled “Aikoku No, 20”—strong, manure-resistant and pest-resistant—were cultivated, the scattering black patterns were the lotus marshs and the rectangles without any hatching were mostly planted with the variety styled “Sekitori” (in Jap.) which yields good qualified rice but are weak against the attack of pest.
In order to scrutinize the general tendency of the distribution, he twice dealt with Fig. 1 after Katsue Misawa's method, the result of which is shown in Fig. 2. The Arabic numerals in the figure indicate the average percentage of the rice fields planted with “Aikoku No. 20” with an unit of 10 percent. Although the appearance of this objective region is completely flat, there exist, however, slight differences in elevation. The areas where the “Aikoku No. 20” were prevelent—the centers of which were located at the northeast and the north-west sectors of Fig. 2—coinsides with the lowest therefore, sometimes water-stagnant fields which were formerly irrigated with nitrogen-rich water from many wells excavated there. This fact indicate that the variety of the crop is some-times of good service in revealing the regional characteristics of a given area.

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Torashiro Ozaki was born in Takada-shi in 1902 and graduated from Takada Normal School in 1921. After he taught elementary school for one year, he entered the history and geography division of the Daiichi Extra Teacher's School attached to the Higher Normal School of Tokyo. There he met and fascinated by his lifelong Professor to be Keiji Tanaka. Professor Tanaka promoted regional geography and essentially became the founder of human geography in Japan. Ozaki graduated from the school in 1924.
Ozaki taught eight years from 1926 to 1933 at the former Nagasa middle high school in Kamogawa in the southern part of the Boso Peninsula. He researched nearby rural areas and fishing villages in detail with his pupils during his stay and wrote a small book entitled “Regional geography on Boshu” and three papers on (1) the influence of railway on Kamogawa-machi; (2) geography of a locality in the Boso Peninsula; (3) drag-net fishing for young yellow tails at Hamanabuto, Boso Peninsula in the Geographical Review of Japan under the guidance of professor Tanaka. These three papers describe small areas in detail and can be classified under micro-regional geography (geography of a locality).
He was the first to use micro-regional geography in Japan, and later he was called a “micro-regional geographer”. His micro-regional geography of the southern Boso Peninsula included the following themes. He described the region as 1) a frost-free area with a warm climate, 2) being influenced by Tokyo, the largest market, and 3) a place where farmers and fishremen make well use of the micro-environments. His research methods were based on detailed field work and the use of aerial photograph. He was first person to use aerial photographs in an academic journal-new technology which was used to clarify the location of farms, arable land and fishing nets. These papers also included aspects of a geo-ecological study, a methodology promoted by C. Troll in the Andes mountains.
After eight years teaching, he was invited to Chiba Women's Normal School as a professor. He published two papers in the Geographical Review of Japan and one book which was his Ph. D. dissertation based on his research during his stay in Kamogawa. Moreover, he published three books on regional geography, which were all compiled papers resulting from his research in Kamogawa. In addition, many teachers of the old-style middle high schools also conduced geographical research and contributed papers to academic journals. Ozaki was an example of a highly trained teacher similar to Katsue Misawa.

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１．はじめに

和辻哲郎が提起した「風土」概念（和辻 1935）は，マクロスケールで自然環境と人間を総合的に把握する点で，地理学と親和性の高い一方，常に地理学の中では，環境決定論として忌避されてきた。　　

鈴木秀夫は，鈴木（1975）の序論で和辻（1935）に触れ，終章では「風土としての気候学」を論じ，日本と世界全体を除いて，風土論のための各国レベルで十分な材料を提供できる段階にないとした。一方，気候との関係を求める他の分野からの材料の提出はもっと遅れているとし，自ら鈴木（1976，1980）で宗教との関係を，その後は言語や民族移動との関係（鈴木1990, 2000）を論じ，研究生活を終えた。鈴木（1980）に対し，ベルク（1988）は「性懲りもない決定論」として強く批判している。

千葉徳爾（千葉 1979）は，和辻風土論の検討の中で，風土そのものは，現実の野外における人間の存在形態の出会いによってしか，とらえることのできないものとした。またこれは，普遍的実在として誰もが認識するものではないとし，「気候学における未発達な人間研究の分野がより促進されることが望まれる」と結んでいる。

高野（2010, 2011，2013a, 2013b）は，これら3名の著作を，著者の生い立ちを含めて詳細に検討し，現代地理学の中での意義について論じている。

他方，和辻と同時代にも生きた

は，信州という限られた空間の中で，一貫して風土の重要性を捉え，かつ風土を認識できる人間の育成をめざし，地理教育として実践した。風土性の解明こそ地理学の役割とし，専門分野を越えた地域の理解が，地理学の課題であるとした（三澤 1979a-c，三澤 2009a-d）。三橋（2013）は，三澤風土論が現代の災害にも通じる意義があるとしている。

2. 風土学の課題

鈴木（1975）の中の世界スケールでの気候観の一つは，世界を一周する赤道西風であった。陸上の気候データだけで構築されたこの見方は，その後大気の全球客観解析データで否定された（Matsumoto, 1990）。しかしそれを正面から論じた一般向けの書物はない。他方で「風土としての気候学」を記述できる材料は，近年きわめて充実してきた。気候学は，それらを利用した新たな気候像を示す必要があり，それは，世界各地での自然環境理解の深化に資する。

自然環境と人間の捉え方として，荒木（2012）は図1を示し，従前型のAではなく，BやCといった相互作用を含めた地域の多様性を理解すべき概念として「風土」を提起した。個別科学としての自然地理学と人文地理学の乖離がますます大きくなる中，地域を総合的に観る視点として，自然と人間が織りなす地域システムを認識し，示していくことが必要ではなかろうか。持続可能な地域の構築に資する科学的風土像を社会に提示していくことが求められよう。

引用文献

荒木一視 2012 モンスーンアジアのフードと風土 明石書店

鈴木秀夫 1975『風土の構造』大明堂

鈴木秀夫 1976『超越者と風土』大明堂

鈴木秀夫 1978『森林の思考・砂漠の思考』日本放送協会

鈴木秀夫 2000『気候の変化が言葉をかえた』日本放送協会

鈴木秀夫 2010『気候変化と人間』原書房

高野 宏 2010 岡山大院社文研紀要, 30, 313-322.

高野 宏 2011 岡山大院社文研紀要, 31, 205-226

高野 宏 2013a 岡山大学文学部紀要, 59, 29-45.

高野 宏 2013b 岡山大院社文研紀要, 36, 21-38.

千葉徳爾 1979 風土論 朝倉書店

ベルク オギュスタン・篠田勝英訳 1988『風土の日本』筑摩書房

・矢澤大二編1979a-c『作品集 Ⅰ〜Ⅲ』みすず書房

2009a-d『著作集 1〜4』 農文協　　　　　　　　　　　　

三橋浩志 2013 中等社会科教育研究, 30, 57-66.

和辻哲郎 1935『風土』岩波書店

Matsumoto, J. 1990. Geogr. Rev. Jpn, 63-B, 156-178.

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I wrote in collaboration with Mr. Katuei Misawa, in earlier number (No. 10, 1932) of this journal on the distribution of precipitation during August and September, 1931, in Suwa-gun district and neighbourhood.
This paper is the second report on the subject. There were twenty-seven pluviostations in 1931, but in 1932 their number had increased and there were forty-six pluviostations taking observations in the same region. Data obtained during August and September, 1932, covering the distribution of precipitation by cyclones and local thunderstorms in that region, were found to be far more precise than those obtained from the first report.
I wish to express my cordial thanks to Mr. Misawa and many other observers for their kind guidance and co-operation.

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観察や実験等の活動を中心とした科学教育ヘ改善する枠組みを子どもの発達や新科学哲学等の視点から5つ提案する。 さらに、生物領域の改善の枠組みとして学校教育において習得させたい「科学の方法」や「学習内容のレベル」、「概念」を例として取り上げ、タンポポを素材とした具体的な学習内容を示した。

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One of the most conspicuous characteristics of climatic landscapes in Seku destrict, on the foot of Volcano Asama and along the River Chikuma (the upper portion of River Shinano), is the very florishing growth of the lichenss on roofs of many houses in each settlement. T this region the roofs are generally covered by tiles. Except very newly built houses, they grow on almost all the roofs. The author researched their distribution and found that they are valuable indicator of the clinatic characteristics of this region. The species of the lichens there, are paymers caperate Ach. and Parmesia conse ter e.
First, the autlaor researched the shortest ages of their, growth in each Cettl rent. For this pourpose he looked for the ages of the newest houses with lichened roofs, and desided the ages necessary for their growth. Fig-1 shows the isolines of these ages. The centre of the distribution is found on the region between Komoro and Iwamurada. Here only ten years or so are necessary for their growth, but the farther front the centre, the longer the age, and finally it is longer than thirty years in' the most outside settlements. This fact may show that the central part of this destrict has the most suitable condition for the growth of lichens, and the more outside the settlements, the worse the conditions there.
Next the author researched the situations of the lichens in each settlement, calculating the ratio between the numbers of lichened roofs and of those covered by them all of their surface. Fig-2 shows the distribution of this ratio in the destrict. The centre of the distribution is found et the region between Komoro and hwamurada, and value of the ratio anioonts to more than 35%. The more outside the settlements, the less the values of ratio, and at last they amount to only less than 20%. The situation of the distribution almost coincides with the. charactors of Fig-1.
The most necessary condition for the growth of the lichens is the fluid water, especially fog, dew etc. In this region the fog occures very frequently, especially in summer. For example it appears almost half of each month at Oiwake in summer as is shown in he Tab.-1. Bet the fog prevails in the upper portion of some tributaries rather than the lower portion in this destrict, while the growth of the lichens is more abundant in the latter. These two conflicting facts may be explained as follows. The most suitable temperature condition for the assimilation of the lichens has been said as 10-15°C and 25-30°C, and the worst condition as about 20°C. The tem-npera-ture conditions in summer, in which the fog occures most frequenly, was shown by the isothermals in Fig 3. By comparing Fig-1, -2 and -3, it becomes clear that the most predominant region of the growth of lichens coincides with the region where the mean summer temperature reaches about 23-24°C. As shown an Fig-1, this is the convergent region of the summer wind. The allows in Fig-1 show the prevailing summer wind directions estimated by many climatic landscapes, especially by the. main adhering directions of the lichens on the trees, poles etc, and it must be token into coreideretion that the fogs appear very often there.
As the conclusion, the above appointed region has the most suitable conditions for the growth of lichens concerning the fluid water and temnperature.

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高校における地理の授業において，既存の教科書の内容だけでは広い世界を理解することが難しい．そのため，生徒の慣れ親しんでいる身近な地域を教材化し，科学的に地域を観察する姿勢を培うことを意識した授業を実践してきた．教材化には，既存の資料の整理だけでなく，自らの研究成果を盛り込んだものも必要である．これまでに，筆者は東京都の地形，東青梅付近の河岸段丘と地下水，カルスト地形の教材化と授業の実践を行ってきた．河岸段丘と地下水の授業ではフィールドワークも取り入れているが，これは自らが研究をしてきたため可能となった．フィールドワークの教育効果は高いが，実施には困難がある．

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Fig. 1 is the average monthly temperatures at Kofu, Central Japan. according to “Phenology in Japan (1974)” the average flowering date of Prunus subhirtella (Higanzakura in Japanese) in this locality is April 4th. Take this value (P) on the transversal axis in Fig. 1. and draw a line perpendicular to it at P in order to get the crossing point (Q) between this line and the temperature curve. Then PQ is to indicate the average flowering temperature of this cherry there. In this way the writer measured the flowering temperatures at 35 spots in Japan where there are weather stations and the phenological observations of this plant have been made, Based upon the flowering temperature, he then classified these spots into 9 groups which are from 8.5°C to 12.5°C, each with the 0.5°C advance in temperatuce and converted the numbers of the spots belonging to each group in terms of the percentage against the total number of the spots thus measured. The numbers and the percentages thus classified are shown in Table 2. It is an outstanding phenomenon that 12 spots or as many as 34.3% among them have concentrated in the 10°C group. He calculated the algebraic mean and the probable error which are 29.2°C and 0.56°C respectively.
From the data of the above-mentioned literature, he measured not only the flowering temperature of P. subhirtella but those of P. mume, P. Persica, P. subsp. serrulata, P. serrulata and P. yedoensis aswell. The distribution of the spots similarly converted in terms of the percentage are shown in Fig. 2. The mean values and the probable errors are inserted in the second column from the right and in the last one of Table 1 respectively. It must be added, as for P. yedoensis the number of the spots classified by each 0.5°C difference in temperature and their percentages are also shown in Table 2 as the numerals within brackets.
From the polygons of Fig. 2 and the numerals of Table 1. the writer has summarized as follows:—
(1) The Japanese Apricot blooms in the wider range of air temperature, the lowest being 4.0°C at Tateno anb the highest 10.9°C at Fushiki, (2) while those cherries sdch as P. subhirtella and P. subsp, serrulata anb also the peach blooms only within the remarkably narrow range of air temperature, from which fact has proved to be favorable for a plant indicator in phenology. (3) P. serrulata anb P. yedoensis have the intermediate tendency of the above-mentioned plants.

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