The remote island economies heavily depend on the public work budgets. The Japanese government has cut spending for public work projectsd; therefore they are suffering from establishing an additional source of income. The Ie Island launched a kind of community based tourism lodging at the house of a private citizen. In 2012, the Ie Island where only 5,000 people living in it attracts 50,000 school trip visitors a year, and 13% of total households participate in the lodging business. This paper intends to show the distinctive futures of the community based tourism and the assessment of its territorial economic impacts useing input-output analysis. The features that can be found are (1) utilizing inherent living culture and lifestyle of local people, (2) critical role of the intermediate organization between the costumers and the local people offering accommodation, (3) necessity of the participation and corporate identity of the local people, and (4) considering inter-industrial linkage in the territorial economy. The tourism output multiplier on the local economy is estimated at 1.4. The lodging business utilizing private house is extremely labor-intensive. Consequently, the majority of the receipt from visitors is left as incom in the local economy, and the expenditures from teh income induce a large size of ripple economic effect in the local economy. The territorial income generated by the tourism is estimated at about 500 million yen a year, which is just about equivalent to the territorial incom generated by the public work projects. We can conclude that the community based tourism presents potentialities for the autonomous development of the remote island economies.

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This paper analyzes selected cases of the guest-house business (minpaku) sector, which is regarded as an experience-based educational tour, and identifies the patterns used by tour operators in the local community. Fields survey were conducted in Iejima (Okinawa prefecture), Ajimu (Oita prefecture), and Akiota and Osakikamijima (Hiroshima prefecture) during the period from July to October 2014. The authors researched the relationship between the organizational operation of minpaku and the social-economic conditions of the selected cases. It was found that socio-economic conditions had a positive impact on the purpose of operation, organizational form of operation, and changes in operation among minpaku tour operators. Findings indicate that tour operators should harmonize with participating farmers, taking into account local conditions and requirements for the sustainable development of minpaku.

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伊江島南部には26の遺跡が立地している。その中のナガラ原第三貝塚，カヤ原遺跡A地点およびナガラ原東貝塚から採取された9個の貝殻と4個の木炭をペア試料としてAMS ¹⁴C年代測定を行い，ΔR（local marine reservoir value）を計算した。

その結果，ナガラ原第三貝塚（3,400 cal BP）のΔRは250±26 ¹⁴C yr （n=2），カヤ原遺跡A地点（1,300 cal BP）のΔRは132±21 ¹⁴C yr （n=5） となった。一方，ナガラ原東貝塚（1,500 cal BP）のΔRは−38±27 ¹⁴C yr（n=2）となった。

上述の数値は，およそ3,400～1,300 cal BP間にΔRが250±26 ¹⁴C yrから132±21 ¹⁴C yrまで変化したことと，約1,500～1,300 cal BP間においてΔRが−38±27 ¹⁴C yrから132±21 ¹⁴C yrまで変化したことを示している。

　上述のΔRを使用することにより，伊江島の遺物や遺跡，サンゴ礁地形および堆積物などの暦年代を決定することが可能となる。その結果，考古学・地形学・地震学など，伊江島および周辺地域における第四紀研究の進展が期待される。

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材料牛集団は, 1969-1982年の間に出生し, 1987年3月までに廃用となった沖縄県の繁殖雌牛319頭である。分散分析に取りあげた要因は種雄牛, 飼養農家, 雌牛の出生時期, 出生季節, 審査時日齢に対する1次回帰係数, 近交係数に対する1次または2次回帰係数である。分析対象形質は, 初産日齢, 分娩回数, 最終分娩時日齢, 審査得点, 体高, 胸囲, 胸深, 尻長, 腰角幅および腕幅である。分散分析の結果得られた回帰式は, 分娩回数に対してy=4.305-0.080x, 胸囲に対してy=177.8-2.601x+0.100x², 胸深に対してy=63.9-0.782x+0.028x²である。以上の結果から分娩回数に近交退化の起こることが示唆されたが, 胸囲および胸深に対しては, 妊娠牛の影響が大きいと考えられるため, 明確な結論は得られなかった。

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The mammalian fauna of Okinawa in the period from Late Pleistoceneto Recent is discussed. The Ryukyu Islands are known for abundant occurrence of deer fossils of Miocene type. The Yamashita-cho site of fossil man, 32, 100±1, 000y.B.P. (TK-78) in age, yields deer fossils and no other mammals. On the other hand, at the site of the Minatogawa man, 18, 250±650y.B.P. (TK-99) to 16, 600±300y.B.P. (TK-142) in age, deer fossils become few while boar fossils increase remarkably. This indicates that the Ryukyu boar gained ground taking the place of deer.
Wild boars are living in such islands as Amami Oshima, Okinawa, Ishigaki and Iriomote, and many shell-mounds reveal the existence of boar. In all probability, migration of Sus must have taken place since the time of the Minatogawa man, that is, during the Würm maximum. Geologically the Ryukyu Islands are supposed to have been already separated from the continent at that time, but the occurrence of Sus suggests that the islands were partly connected with the continent even in the Würm maximum.

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The author examined fossilized deer bones with forks at one or both ends which were excavated from the Gohezu cave of Ie-jima, Okinawa Prefecture, and whichhave been considered them as the result of shaping by hominids. He decided that they were not artificial, but in a much more advanced stage of bone damage due to chewing by deer himself as a result of osteophagia. So, at present, any archaeological evidences in palaeolithic age are not recognized inOkinawa Prefecture. Recently an amorphous flake industry with wedge shaped tools has been found in the layer, contained AT-tephra dated more than 20, 000 years B.P., at the Yaaya and Kisikawa, Amamioshima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture. The undated same industry, too, is reported from the Amangusuku, Tokunoshima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture. The author asserts that the flake industry in final Upper Pleistocene should been widely distributed throughout the Nansei (Southeastern) Islands of Okinawa and Kagoshima Prefecture. Further, the same flake industry with wedgeshaped tools exists at the Baxian-dong caves (5, 000-15, 000ys. B.P.) in Eastern Taiwan, Lang Rongrien rockshelter (27, 000-37, 000 ys. B.P.) in Southwestern Thailand, and Devil's Lair cave (12, 000-31, 000 ys. B.P.) in Southwestern Australia. The author thinks that the prehistoric people with the flake industry had adapted themselves to coastal environment somewhere around Southeast Asia about 30, 000 years ago, because of findingsof fish bone sand fishing tools from the sites. They had known about the technology how to sail across the sea, and dispersed on each islands northward along the Nansei Islands from the cradle of flake industry in Southeast Asia until 20, 000 years ago.

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【目的】本研究は，長寿県である沖縄県離島の保育所乳幼児を対象として選び，授乳法ならびに離乳期間が保育所乳幼児の腸内細菌叢に及ぼす影響について検討した。
【方法】期間は2008年10月27日から11月20日，対象は同意が得られた保育所乳幼児117名である。調査は腸内細菌叢の分析および対象の保護者に自記入式により授乳と離乳に関する調査を実施した。なお，腸内細菌叢の分析はNagashima法によるT-RFLP法で行い，クラスター解析を行った。
【結果】年齢別に見ると，0歳時，1～2歳児は，3～5歳児と比べて有用菌の割合が有意に高い値を示した。授乳法別におけるBifidobacteriumの割合は，完全母乳32.8±2.6％，混合栄養24.2±1.5％，人工栄養19.0±1.8％（平均値±標準誤差）であり，完全母乳が他の2群に比べて有意に高い数値を示した。離乳期間別のBifidobacteriumの割合は，離乳期間6ヶ月間以下20.0±7.4％，7～14か月間26.3±10.9％（平均値±標準誤差）であり，後者が有意に高い数値を示した。
【結論】腸内環境を健全に保つはたらきを持つBifidobacteriumなどの有用菌の占有率を高く維持するには，まず，母親には授乳法および離乳期間を考慮した食育が必要であり，乳幼児においては，保育所で腸内環境改善のための食材を取り入れた献立などの提供が必要であると考えられた。

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