Current critics about the seismic assessment of the earthquake damage by the public sectors tends to be over-all information of a city but it should be not only more user-friendly, but also should provide more detailed information around its inhabitants. This paper would like to assess the effect on the anti-earthquake reinforcement on the ex-ex-regulation condominium buildings based upon the damage assessment of the individual units. As the result, we can conclude that about a half of buildings located in assessed places of Tokyo are recomended to be renovated rationally. The difference of the cost by public sectors before and after the renovation can be thought as the preventional public expenditures. In addition, this result could be the starting point of further discussions. Focusing on the human damage, the assessed number of deaths or people gravely injured is rather small. However, it is obvious that once a condominium has been physically damaged it would take apporoximately three to four years to recover with a substatial cost of money. Therefore people had better spend for the preventional renovation issues.

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現在行われている防災教育は、子どもを対象としたものが中心であり、親世代にあたる大人を対 象とした防災教育は少ない。防災教育には、地震の発生メカニズムや避難方法などのほか、災害リ スクを低減させる耐震補強や家具固定、災害リスクを他に移転させる損害保険など、大人の理解 が必要なものが少なからず存在する。そこで筆者らは、親子で防災について学べるワークショッ プを実施した。本論文では、3 か年にわたるワークショップの成果と、今後の展開について報告、 および考察を行う。

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地震のような大規模な自然災害では、大数の法則が成立しないこの条件下では保険数理的に公正な保険料率では公的地震保険が破綻するリスクが大きい. このため、リスクを分担する必要があるが、地域ごとに独立な代替案を求めることとなり、解の次元数がそれだけに増え、通常の計画法では解けない. 本研究は大数の法則が成立しない条件下で、しかも次元数の多い計画問題を解くための地震被害シミュレーションと確率最適化モデルとのハイブリッド設計モデルを構築するとともに、保険構造の設計問題を対象に実証分析を行う. 実際に兵庫県を対象とした実証分析を通じてその有効性を検証することとする.

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Considering immense damage on urban area by great earthquake，the idea of preparedness for urban reconstruction planning would be needed. We investigated the state of preparedness for urban reconstruction planning by local governments. We sent out a questionnaire to 260 authorities and collected 193 one. As results, those schemes or manuals are hardly made, but most of local governments agree to make a plan for preparedness.And then, we finally consider the points of the support system for pre-disaster planning.

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This paper reports that how persons of advanced age who tend to spend much time in their dwellings are at the indoor seismic risk. The authors met fourteen residents living in Sumida Ward, Tokyo, and investigated their daily life-style and spatial characteristics of their rooms, mainly furniture. Based on the information, some indoor seismic risk potential of each household and indivisual risk potential were calculated. Using these results,which depend on indivisual conditions, an efficient countermeasure against damage due to an earthquake was proposed.

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When the risk caused by earthquakes is investigated in some area, it is important to know earthquakes and estimation items considered in the earthquake damage assessments executed by the local governments.In addition. estimation methods used in the earthquake damage assessments are very helpful to evaluate the risk.We collected the newest reports of the earthquake damage assessments, and aspect the present situation of considered earthquakes. estimation items and estimation methods based on these reports. These are strongly effected the feature or problem of the Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake.Finally, we suggest about the prospects for the earthquake damage assessments.

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In earthquake damage assessment,it is common to combine estimation methods for different damage items to make the integrated estimation.There are some damages items,and for each item there are so many estimation methods.Therefore,a lot of combination is possible.However,various definitions are used among the input or output parameters of thie estimation methods,thus careless combination of those methods in the estimation flow would produce incorrect estimation results.In this paper,we put our focus on the differences in building damage ranks and definitions such as"collapse''and"heavy damage'',and extract the allowable combination of the estimation methods.

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As seismic hazard and risk information for the citizens, seismic hazard maps that indicate intensity of shake are made for example by local governments. For the next step, authors made seismic risk map for residential building damage. Based on this map, we developed the web-based seismic hazard and risk map. The purpose of the web-based map is that the citizen recognize his/her own seismic hazard and risk problem by showing detailed map of estimation on the seismic intensity and the building damage risk where the citizen lives. The questionnaire survey on the web-based map was conducted in order to research the effect of the citizens' disaster awareness and disaster prevention behavior which were caused by the web-based map.

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　2016年4月14日21時26分頃，熊本県熊本地方を震源とするM_j 6.5の地震が発生した．さらに約28時間後の4月16日1時25分頃，同じく熊本県熊本地方を震源とするM_j 7.3の地震が発生した．震源近傍の熊本県益城町では，2度の震度7の地震によって多くの住宅被害が生じた．住宅被害は調査時点までに発生した地震被害の総和であるため，それぞれの地震でどのような被害が出たかは明らかになっていない．
　本稿では，M_j 6.5とM_j 7.3の地震の後に撮影された垂直写真から作成された正射投影画像を用いて，建物被害が多く発生した益城町の建物被害の推定を試みた．さらにM_j 6.5とM_j 7.3での被害を比較して，2つの地震による建物被害の進行状況を推定した．

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本報告では、災害弱者として、要介護者と訪日外国人を例として取り上げた。災害時にどのような情報や援助が必要かを考察するための予備的調査として、要介護者を収容する施設の管理者、および日本にいる外国人に、インタビューを行った。その結果、要介護者を収容する施設については特に職員が少なくなる夜間の災害対応が、日本にいる外国人については近隣住民とのコミュニケーションが、それぞれ重要であることが明らかとなった。

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A method for evaluating the economic losses caused by building damage was studied as one of a series of methods employed to evaluate the monetary costs needed for earthquake victims to rebuild their lives. Residential earthquake insurance claims payments were used as indicators for evaluating economic losses from building damage. Vulnerability functions for buildings were prepared for individual degree of damage caused to the buildings, based on data on the insurance claims payments made in the aftermath of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake. In order to validate the vulnerability functions, the insurance claims payments for buildings in the Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake were calculated; the calculated values were compatible to the amount actually paid.

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In this study, the method for quantitative loss estimation of household property due to an earthquake is proposed. The value of household property owned by a family depends on income, family members and regions. The model of household property is established. Combining the model with the vulnerability functions of household property, the loss of household property for the hypothetical earthquake is estimated. The validation of the method is perform by comparing with the payment of earthquake insurance in the Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake. Finally, the quantitative loss evaluation of household property for the hypothetical earthquake in the Kanto area is performed.

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In this study, the questionnaire survey on seismic damage of household property in the Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake was performed. The results show that the damage area of household property spreads more widely than that of building, and that the damage ratios and patterns are different for the respective types of household property. Based on the result of the survey combined with the seismic intensity of the area, we proposed vulnerability functions that present the relation between seismic intensity and damage ratio of household property. These functions are useful for quantitative evaluation of household property damage.

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The aim of this study is to present a real-time estimation method of economic values of direct stock damages caused by major earthquakes in Japan. The result will contribute to both government and private sectors for their decision making, particularly for budget allocation. First, we develop a simple but evidence-based model for estimating stock losses explained by an earthquake hazard factor and an exposure factor, i.e., seismic intensity and the existing stocks. Second, we carefully check the model specification, estimation and performance so as to be soundly applied to realtime assessment of future earthquake events. Finally, we develop a methodology of exhibiting estimated losses in a 250-meter meshed plane of an afflicted area.

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The Great East Japan Earthquake exerted serious damage over an unprecedentedly wide range. The earthquake prevented the supply of materials indispensable to restoration and revival in its aftermath, including fuels such as gasoline. In this study, the method to estimate a supply delay of gasoline for a hypothetical Nankai Trough Earthquake is proposed. In this method, we developed vulnerability functions of oil refineries which took into account both ground shaking and tsunami force simultaneously.

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It is important for citizens to recognize their seismic risk and to take measures to mitigate the damage caused by disasters. In order to examine the citizens' need for accurate and understandable seismic hazard and risk maps, we conducted surveys on our web-site. Based on the results, we developed accurate seismic hazard maps from seismic spectra evaluations using detailed ground models. In addition, fragility curves have been developed with regard to building characteristics. In conclusion, we proposed understandable seismic risk maps by combining these sets of data.

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