There are possibilities of the crowd accidents on the street overflowed with people when common streets change to festival space. The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of the crowd flow at a festival space on a street. The methods of this study are to survey the relation between crowd densities and walking speeds and to research the factors to cause dangerous high density. And the result is that the quality of the crowd flow is different from usual street condition and that the walking speeds become irregular as the result of various factors at a festival space.

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東北地方太平洋沖地震では，首都圏の交通機関が一斉に停止したことで多くの帰宅困難者が発生し，駅ターミナルでの混乱や路上の混雑などの状況が発生した．首都圏での帰宅困難者の状況は，当日帰宅を断念した人が約260 万人，遠距離を徒歩で帰宅した人が約600 万人と推定され，大きな混乱はなかったものの，路上では混雑度の高い区間も一部では見られた．今回の地震では首都圏中心部では被害は少なかったが，首都直下地震などが発生した場合には混乱をきたす可能性が極めて高いと考えられる． 震度6 強以上程度の揺れを伴うような首都直下地震が発生し，公共交通機関の運行が一斉に停止した場合には「翌日帰宅」を基本として実施し，今回の東北地方太平洋沖地震のような震度5 強程度の地震の場合には「時差帰宅」を実施することが混乱防止に有効である．

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Mt. Fuji is open to the public only during the summer, and during the two-month period, nearly 300,000 climbers visit. At the time of sunrise, the area around the top of the mountain is extremely crowded with climbers, so that proper administration of the climbers is necessary in order to secure the quality of the climbing and the safety of the climbers. Therefore, in this research, various investigations for clarifying the climbers’ dynamics were carried out for the purpose of accumulating the data for the management of the climbers. First, based on the idea of safe and comfortable crowd density required in urban public space, we set and proposed a standard for safe and comfortable crowd density assumed at climbing. Next, we obtained the GPS data of the climbers of Mt. Fuji, and visualized the time series climbers’ density on the trail using the standard presented. And then, we examined the relationship between the factors of congestion and the number of climbers per day.

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In order to grasp the relationships between crowd densities and uneasy feeling of persons on stairs in railway stations, we conducted experiments which reproduced the high-density crowd starting to walk up and down the stairs in a mock-up station stairs. As a result, we obtained delay in starting to walk at various densities quantitatively and following 3 opinions. 1. When the density reaches about 4.0 persons/ m², a majority of passengers may feel uneasy. 2. More attention must be paid to downward crowd staying on stairs than upward crowd because of its uneasy feeling. 3. A crowd must not be stayed on stairs in railway stations at a density of over 4.0 persons/ m².

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大規模災害時には公共交通が長時間不通となり大量の歩行帰宅者が発生する．ボトルネック箇所における大混雑によって群集雪崩の危険も生じる．東日本大震災(2011)後の東京都市圏において顕著な歩行帰宅混雑問題が発生したことから対策が進められてきた．しかしながら大阪府北部地震(2018)において再び同様の問題が生じ，特に淀川橋梁における歩行者混雑は顕著であったことから，本研究では，当時の歩行者混雑状況の再現シミュレーションを行い，対策としての歩行帰宅者の時間・空間分散や混雑情報提供の効果について試算した．

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The present survey was carried out on the service of guards in the form of night duty in the shift system in order to elucidate the problems involved. Number of subjects was 148. Out of these, 85 worked under the alternate-day shift system whose average age was 42 years, 47 worked under the permanent night duty system of average age of 50 years, and the remaining 16 were on the normal duty of the average age of 45 years. Under the alternate-day shift system, the portal-to-portal time is 24 hours from 10:00a.m. to the same time of the next day from which about 3.O-3.5 hours are exempted for taking a nap. In the permanent night duty it is from 18:00 or 19:00 to 09:00 or 10:00 of the next day, the portal-to-portal ranging 13-16 hours, usually 15-16 hours. The normal duty covers 8 or 9 hours from 10:00 to 17:00 or 18:00, but with incidental night duty of several hours per month. The problems of the alternate-day shift system and of the permanent night duty system were as follows: (1) Under those two systems, the total monthly portal-to-portal time was 312 hours with additional overtime, the mean becoming 397 hours a month in the alternate-day shift system and 405 hours in the permanent night duty system. These are considerably longer than the working time (249 hours) of the normal duty. (2) As for the frequency of the consecutive night shift, it occurred more than twice at the rate of 23% a month in the alternate-day shift system, and some experienced even 7 consecutive night shifts. Under the permanent night duty system, night duty occupied the greatest part in a month (97%), 3 to 5 consecutive night duties being most usual with an exceptional case of 19 consecutive night duties. (3) Number of night duties per month is 16.1 per month on the average under the alternate-day shift system, while 23.2 under the permanent night duty system. (4) The incidence of the spell of the portal-to-portal exceeding 24 hours was 43% per month under the alternate-day shift system. The longest was 72 hours. Under the permanent night duty system, the incidence of the spell of 19 hours or more was about 15%, and the spell of 24 hours or more occurred at the rate of 9%. (5) From the shift formation point of view, the interval between the preceeding or succeeding spell was sometimes null, but it was usually 8-10 hours. The incidence of the former per month was 4.7 times under the alternate-day shift system and 2.7 times under the permanent night duty system. Incidences of the latter under the two systems were 2.0 and 15.1 times, respectively. (6) Number of holidays per month was 3.0 under the alternate-dayshift system, and, 1.1 under the permanent night duty system. Under the normal duty system, it was 4.6. (7) Number of sick absenteeism with medical certificate was 13 in a year (15.3% of the total employees) under the alternate-day shift system, and 7 (14.9% of the total) under the permanent night duty system. As regards diseases which were the reason of absenteeism, 6 were circulatory, 4 respiratory, 4 digestive, each 1 was musculoskeletal, of connective tissue, hepatic, hemopoietic and mental. Except one patient suffering from a respiratory disease and another suffering from a musculoskeletal disease, all were aged 40 years or over. Under the normal duty system there was no sick absenteeism. (8) Number of workers retired in the past one year was 30 under the alternate-dayshift system, 43 under the permanent night duty system, and 1 under the normal duty system. Ratios of the number of retired workers against those in service were 35, 91 and 6% under the three systems, respectively. In the alternate-day shift and permanent night duty systems, and especially in the latter, the number of retired workers tended to be larger among the middle- and old aged. From these results the following items were considered important: Introduction of such countermeasures as reasonably controlling the total work hours, decrease in the number of days of night duty, reor

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It is widely recognized that new information technologies such as IoT (Internet of Things), Big Data and Artificial Intelligence will play decisive role in competitiveness of each company and industry itself. In this paper, I describe how Japanese government recognized the importance of these technologies. In 2016, the control tower for realizing Industrial Revolution 4.0 headed by the Prime Minister was established and started coordination among each ministry's policy measures.

New rules and regulations will be necessary in order to control and promote new information technologies. In the latter half of this paper, I examine rule making process of small-scale pilotless planes (including drones) as a test case of controling and promoting these technologies. In this process, Japanese government invited multi-stakeholders in the very early-stage of the discussion and reached common understanding of rulemaking through drafting technology development road map of pilotless planes together.

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