The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of a soccer teaching program designed to help students improve both individual physical fitness and their attitude towards it, as well as gaining basic understanding. The subjects were 41 junior high school students. Before and after the program, we conducted skill tests (ball juggling) and physical fitness tests (150 m sprint with a change in direction; 6×25-m sprints with direction changes and rest intervals of 30 s). Additionally, we conducted a test soccer game. At the end of each class, a questionnaire was conducted and the subjects' technical skills, physical fitness, and psychological aspects were self-assessed. After completing the program, another questionnaire was conducted regarding skill, attitude, and knowledge, conception and judgment aspects.
 When the pre-program and post-program test results were compared, the following were observed after completion of the program:
1) The subjects' ball juggling skills had improved significantly.
2) The mean time for the 150-m sprint with a change in direction had improved significantly.
3) The distance subjects were able to run during the test soccer game showed no significant difference.
4) The results of the questionnaire at the end of each class showed that students thought they had improved in terms of outcomes, ball kicking skills, ball dribbling, interception, and positioning. With regard to physical fitness, the subjects felt that their anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity had improved.
5) The after-program questionnaire showed that 94.1% of the subjects had improved their understanding about how physical fitness is related to soccer.
 These results suggest that this soccer teaching program improved physical fitness levels, knowledge and attitude toward physical fitness among the participating subjects.

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本研究の目的は,腰背部痛などの慢性疼痛の先行研究で提唱されてきているモデルに基づき,緊張型頭痛における,痛みの維持・悪化のメカニズムの臨床的妥当性を検証することであった.成人の緊張型頭痛患者72名を対象に,共分散構造分析を用いてモデルを検討した結果,モデルの適合度はGFI=0.86,CFI=0.94,RMSEA=0.078であり,モデルの妥当性が確認された.この結果から,腰背部痛などの慢性疼痛を対象として提唱されている「痛みの維持・悪化モデル」が緊張型頭痛患者に適用され,緊張型頭痛の日常生活への支障度は,痛みに対する破局的思考と痛みに対する恐怖の行動的側面である逃避・回避行動の両方の変数の影響を受けていることが示された.

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Nippon Television Network Corporation (NTV) has pitoted to produce programs by using temporary virtual sutudio system. In this April. NTV tinally initiated to produce programs in the virtual studio that newly es tablished in the building of NTV. In this paper, We will introduce the system of the virtual studio and current way of making TV programs using this system.

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This underwater manipulator is designed to be applied to the submersible vehicle which is subjected to many kinds of maintenance tasks of an oilwell-equipment in the deep sea. All joint motions of the manipulator, having three arms with seven degrees of freedom and an exchangeable terminal device, are powered with hydraulic actuators. A pair of these articulated manipulators are planned to be equipped to the vehicle and to provide a lift capability of 30 kg each at an outreach of two meters from the shoulder pivot. The most significant point of this manipulator system is the adoption of the master-slave control device using position-servo control system, so that the operator can control the manipulator freely and speedily by moving the position and orientation of the grip of a multi-joint control lever, i.e., a miniature of the manipulator.

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Japanese radio programs have long been in a trial and error situation in their struggle to compete with TV programs. In this process the "midnight broadcasting" programs are one of the most radio-like in nature and nowadays a set format has been established for them. Nevertheless, various experiments still are being tried by each of the radio stations concerning what content should be broadcast at night and during the midnight hours. For example, the audience rating chart shows us that JOJF(Nippon Hoso) is widely listened to by the so-called "young" generation, and that JOKRS(Tokyo Hoso) focuses on the "young adult" generation. These experiments, however, have not necessarily offered a steady barometer for success. Among the current hot programs is "Young Paradise, " a talk show broadcast at midnight during the week whose DJ (called 'personality' in Japan) is actor Yuji Miyake. This program presently is receiving a high audience rating. According to Mr.Akinori Inaba, the organizing director of Nippon Hoso, the secret of "Young Paradise's" success is "to permit the DJ to talk freely and 'play' in the program and to show various points of view about the kind of information that young listeners wanted to know." In short, an all-out playful spirit seems to make "Young Paradise" successful. But in fact, it's success is due to the elaborated efforts in planning by the professionals of radio program organization and production. Here we can find the characteristics of modern radio journalism for young listeners. About ten years or so ago the style of radio programs was quite different from what it is today. A good example is JOKR's "Puck in Music." This too was a talk show featuring DJ's, but many of the topics treated on the program were serious ones such as, "war experience", "worries about school life and exams", "love" and "lust", and so on. But programs of this nature ended with the new way of life which began around 1982 and which shows a preference for keihaku-tansho, the "not heavy, the light." And the older type of program was taken over by omoshiro-syugi, the "happy-go-lucky" orientation outlined above. In order to consider the characteristics of modern radio journalism it is unrealistic to deny this "happy-go-lucky" line. But in the author's opinion, it also may be a chance to show the ability of radio journalism to produce some programs that treat in some way the young listener's views of the world, their dissatisfactions and hopes, etc., which can be found in the depth of their minds or their social psychology.

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持続可能な海洋の保全や水産資源の利用・開発には，衛星リモートセンシングや海洋GISを利用した海洋空間の利用・管理が不可欠である。本稿では，これまで開発した衛星リモートセンシングやデータ同化モデルを利用した水産海洋情報システムを概観した。アカイカやスルメイカの短期のピンポイント漁場予測システム，ホタテガイ最適育成海域モデルを紹介した。さらに，気候変動モデルによる中長期のアカイカ漁場予測を紹介した。これらの一連のシステムが持続可能な水産資源管理に貢献し，スマート水産業へ発展し，今後の方向性として，AIやIoTの利用についても言及した。漁具に設置されたIoTセンサーにより蓄積される水産ビッグデータの解析から，漁業者の勘と経験の暗黙知から形式知へとすることができ，後継者問題も解決につながることを期待したい。

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As part of the Japan-U.S.-France joint research Project on media stereotyping we tried to analyze foreign elements, i.e., foreign countries and/or foreigners, appeared on television programs broadcast in Japan. For this purpose we sampled one week of fiction (drama and featurelength film) and nonfiction (documentary and quiz show) programs from June 1985 broadcast on seven Tokyo television stations, and coded 66 programs (37 fiction and 29 nontiction programs) which contained some foreign elements for a total of 62 hours and 50 minutes. While most of the nonfiction programs were produced in Japan except for two imports from the U.S., all the fiction programs turned out to be foreign imports since no foreign elements appeared in Japanese fiction programs in this sample week. 0f these 37 fiction programs 32 were produced in the U.S., resulting in the U.S. domination over the fiction world. Though the countries covered in the nonfiction programs had much wider range, the U.S. was also found to be the country most frequently depicted. As to the themes of the nonfiction programs some differences emerged when the countries depicted were divided into the U.S. and others. Whereas the U.S.-related themes often focused upon a particular person or persons, "everyday life, manners and customs"or "nature and scenery" tended to be the dominant themes in the nonfiction programs staged in the countries other than the U.S. Furthermore, there were some differences in the images :of the U.S. and other countries conveyed through the programs as a whole, and such characteristics as "dynamic", "rich", "advance" and "open" were found to constitute the typical images of the U.S. As to the demography of major characters, regardless of the type of programs and their nationalities, males as opposed to females, those in the upper-middle social class were found to be over-represented and the young and elderly under-represented. Of the major characters Americans were rated as more "strong-willed", "smart", "serious" and less "individualistic" than the others, which did not coincide with the stereotypical images we have about the Americans. When those regarded as most representative of the U.S. were selected from the sample of American characters, however, their images tended to be in accordance with the stereotypes, in that they were rated as "outgoing" and "sociable". Thus, the U.S. was shown to constitute the main faction among the foreign countries in the world of television broadcast in Japan. It was suggested, however, that stereotypical images would be more often utilized in depiction of the countries to which we have relatively little information ; therefore, the effects of television were predicted to be greater on the formation of our images about the countries other than the U.S.

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標準化・適応化戦略に関する従来の研究は、主に標準化・適応化に影響を与える要因、標準化の程度、そして経営成果との関係に焦点が当てられてきた。しかし、こうした一連の研究は、近年、分析範囲の曖昧さ、一貫性の欠けた経営成果との関係、そして標準化・適応化の同時達成ロジックの不在など、多くの問題点が指摘されている。本研究は、こうした既存研究の問題を踏まえつつ、これまで重視されてこなかった市場選択の問題を分析視点として取り入れて議論を深めることにより、標準化・適応化戦略における市場選択の重要性を強調することを目的とした。そのために、携帯電話端末機事業で成長を続けているサムスン電子の事例を用いた。分析の結果、サムスンは第1に、グローバル製品および広告に対しては欧米市場を中心に標準化を展開しているが、新興国市場では、積極的な適応化を行っていることが判明した。第2に、現地適応化により開発されたマーケティング要素を、環境や消費者要因を基準として移転先市場を選択し、積極的に移転していることが明確になった。第3に、ソーシャル・マーケティング活動や製品関連活動において、地域的要因と経済的要因でグローバル市場をグループ化し、そのグループ市場の中に同一のマーケティングを展開していることが明らかになった。以上により、本研究は標準化・適応化戦略における市場選択の重要性を示すことができた。

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Any systematic study on the develoment of the economic ethics in England on the eve of the industrial revolution has thus far not been prosecuted in Japan. In this paper, the writings of Baxter, Tillotson, Defoe, The Spectator, Franklin and Wesley are taken up, and such elements which are supposed to make up the so-called spirit of capitalism, as the calculation, the sparingness of the time, the practicalness, the individualistic spirit, the esteem for the order and the method, the view of calling, and the principle of faithfulness, are considered in detail. In the eighteenth century, the economic ethics tends to be popularized, partly under the influence of deism, to be stripped of its religious colour, and gradually to take concrete form in the spirit of capitalism. Proverbs which are in frequent use today, such as "time is money", "credit is money", "honesty is the best policy", "a penny saved is a penny earned", and "never put off tomorrow, what you can do today", have their origin in the economic ethics on the eve of the industrial revolution.

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