"Kanenowaraji, a book of a journey on springs of Hakone, Enoshima, and Kamakura" was the travel literature of early modern Kamakura by Jippensha-Ikku. Noted place are 107 spots in all composition, and then 17 spots of noted places were described for the scenery. Moreover, 11 of 17 spots were noted coastal landscape. In the pilgrimage, a route was full of topographic variety, and then travelers could see coastal places from all noted palace on high ground. Especially, a landscape from bird's - eye view was used a conversion point from scene to scene. It is necessary for coastal landscape to improve the journey. Hence, Ikku used the effective routing. The effective routing is characterized that the the topography of Kamakura is small plain and mountainous near the seashoreline and the section between "Entrance of Enoshima" and "Shichiri-no-hama" was direrected by Ikku's original technique that horizontal sequence.

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この膨大な著作の中で、が自らを語ることはきわめて稀である。そこには、戯作者以前の前半生によるある種の規制がはたらいていることは間違いない。本稿では、『膝栗毛』というテキストを<書く>ことによって、一九が府中・江戸・大坂という場所にからまる過去を克服し、アイデンティティを確立する過程をいくつかの徴証の中に探りつつ、彼にとって『膝栗毛』を<書く>行為とはなんであったかを論じる。

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This paper studies on the developmental process of the route planning and the staying base from analyze 18 travelogues of early modern Kamakura. Firstly, the major route in the whole Edo Era conducted that many author of travel notes came into Kamakura from “Mutsuura”, and that leaved from “Katase-gawa”. Secondly, the main spots of this area were ”Tsurugaoka-hachimangu”,”Hasedera-kannon”,and “Enoshima Island” on this course, because of the travelers was able to get travel information and that are crowded. Moreover, the hotel and the tea district tended to build on around main spots. Hotels were used only as an inn at first, as well as the travel role had changed as time passed: for example, the observatory, the attraction, and restaurant like “Iwamotoin on Enoshima”. On the other hand, tea districts were located along the Kamakura coast between Enoshima and Inamuragasaki. The note was expressed that the beautiful coastal scenery from this area was very popular among the travelers.In particular, Inamuragasaki had been actively on the tourism business which a clerk sold a traditional map and lectured to a person. Conclusion, the seashore landscape was became valuable of Kamakura tourism results from diversity of travel style with time passed.

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This study aims to clarify the traditional ‘the Ancient Capital Tourism’ in Kamakura and its succession, paying close attention to the historical tourism resources, scenic landscape resources, tourism routes and sojourn hubs. In this paper, a local topography and three travelogues written by tourists, was focused on as a reference for modern tourism. Thirty-nine historical tourism resources, but not Kanazawa, were to be seen in the area; therefore it was presumed that Kanazawa was dropped from the tourism region belonging to Kamakura. And then, these tourists didn’t draw up travel plans because they followed regional guides. As for the scenic landscape resources, view point of early modern changed view object of modern time. On the other hand, descriptions of ‘Kanazawa’ which were often seen in the descriptions of Kamakura tourism until the early-modern times were seldom seen, and it was supposed that those two areas had been cut off from the Kamakura tourism region that they used to belong to by the laying of the railway and readjustments by the administration. Therefore, the modern tourism period seems to be a time when the ‘Ancient Capital Tourism,’ established in the mature period of early modern tourism, was in decline as a result of the alienation of the scenic landscape resources and sojourn hubs from the historical tourism resources.

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It is a privilege to report on the “Classics of Japanese Medicine Project” currently underway within the History of Medicine Division (HMD) of the U. S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). Upon viewing 19 manuscripts related to the works of Seishu Hanaoka, who was a pioneer in surgery who used his own method of anesthesia and a character in the novel “Hanaoka Seishu no Tsuma” by Sawako Ariyoshi, and discovering other important Japanese medical classics at NLM, the author felt obliged to have them made available to scholars and open to the public. These Japanese medical classics at NLM have been buried in basement stacks for many years without proper cataloging. About 6-700 items had only brief card catalogs with titles, author names and publication years. 2-300 have had records consisting only of a list of titles. Others have brief records in the NLM electronic database. Over all the total citations may add up to 1900-2000 items. These include printed publications, manuscripts, woodblock prints, advertisement prints, and early Meiji periodicals. Fortunately, all these materials were carefully stored in a well-controlled environment thanks to the knowledgeable NLM staff. The “Classics of Japanese Medicine Project” was proposed and the funding started in fiscal year 2001. The proposal consisted of not only cataloging the Japanese classics but of conserving materials (repair and restoration), preserving (microfilming or image capturing) them, and digitizing them on the World Wide Web. NLM invited Dr. Shizu Sakai of Juntendo University School of Medicine in Tokyo to serve as a medical historian consultant for the project. Dr. Sakai started her research for the project in the fall of 2001, and has been identifying many very important historically significant and rare materials. The NLM has made a commitment to make the collection of the Japanese medical classic, available to the public in the very near future.

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1. Konpira Lanterns are the lanterns made of stone or metal dedicated by the worshippers of the Kotohira Shrine which lies at Kotohira, Nakatado District, Kagawa Prefecture. These lanterns, set along the highways of the worshippers and in the precincts of the Shrine, were once used for illumination and also kept as a remembrance of their pilgrimage to the Shrine.
As there are inscribed on each lantern the name, the shop name and the dwelling place of the dedicator, and the date of his dedication, its investigation enables us to conjecture the state of traffic in old days.
2. The subject of this investigation is chiefly about 328 Konpira Lanterns (excepting ones in the precincts of the Shrine) which are still existent in large numbers in the 10th year of Showa (1935) along each highway in the environs of Kotohira.
Judging from the distribution of the lanterns, there ran radiately, with Kotohira as the center, five old highways-the Marugame highway and the Tadotsu highway in the north, the Iyo highway in the west, the Awa highway in the south and the Takamatsu highway in the east. These and the distribution of the lanterns on each are as follows:
3. The most important of these highways was the Marugame highway. The distribution of the dedicators shows that this highway was passed by the worshippers in the wide area of the Pacific side of Japan, east of Bicchu (Okayama Prefecture). Marugame port prospered as the landing place of these worshippers.
The Tadotsu highway ranked second. It was passed by the worshippers landing at Tadotsu port, on the Pacific side of Japan, west of Bingo (Hiroshima Prefecture) and on the coast of Japan Sea, having Tadotsu port as their landing place. Marugame port and Tadotsu port, though they were 4km. away from each other, coexisted and coprospered, because they had their own traffic route. But there were prosperity and decline on each port. Marugame port first prospered and Tadotsu port, flourishing next, usurped the prosperity of Marugame port.
The Iyo highway was passed by the worshippers in Seisan (the western part of Kagawa Prefecture), in Iyo (Ehime Prefecture) and Tosa (Kochi Prefecture), the Awa highway by those in Awa (Tokushima Prefecture), and the Takamatsu highway by those in Tosan (the eastern part of Kagawa Prefectue). The last two highways were only the country roads.
4. Most of the dedicators are private persons and parties that are called “Ko”, the group of the worshippers. According to the classification of occupations, fishermen and boatmen stand foremost on each highway. This is chiefly because the Kotohira Shrine is conserated to the God of the Sea. It seems that the Kotohira Shrine had also a great influence on the belief of the populace, and on the main road, the Marugame highway, are found many lanterns offered by people of all classes-warriors, farmers, craftmen and merchants.
5. As for the date of the dedicatory lanterns, the lantern dated “the 7th year of Genroku (1694)”, which is the oldest, stands on the by-road of the Marugame highway. With the change of the times they increase in number. So it is supposed that “Konpiramairi”, a pilgrimage to the Kotohira Shrine, was very popular at the latter period of the Edo era.
The latest date of the lanterns, though it differs on each highway, is about the 10th year of Meiji (1877). After that new roads, the New Awa highway foremost, began to be opened one after another, and besides, when the railway was constructed between Marugame and Kotohira in the 22nd year of Meiji (1889), the traffic route to the Kotohira Shrine underwent a complete change.

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