1)市販ホルマリンにつき電位滴定を行いガラス電極が最も安定した値を示し,アンチモンは酸化還元電位の測定故不安定で不適当なる事を知った.併せてpH試験紙を加えて三者による比較を行い,ガラス電極の値を規準とするとpH6までは試験紙,6以上ではアンチモン電極の方が比較的良好な値を示した.全般的に見ればアンチモンの方が略一定のずれを示すので却って便利な場合もあると思われる.
2)樹脂化反応の過程でのpH測定に従来便宜上試験紙を用いる場合が多いが,所謂「中性点」をそのpH=7に求める事は妥当でないと思われる.
3)ホルマリン中の蟻酸及びホルムアルデヒドの解離恒数を計算し水溶液中のものと異る事を知り理由を検討した.

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Many papers concerning the seasonal variations of bodily functions have been published up to the present time. These phenomena are currently accepted as a manifestation of the fundamental function of isothermal animals in order to maintain the “Milieu interieur” against the seasonal changes of the environmental temperature. The neuro-endocrine system may play a leading role in the coordination of these functions. In this paper the author attempted to disclose the seasonal variation of thyroid function, blood sugar and serum electrolytes. Furthermore their interrelationship and physiological significance will be discussed.

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It has been well known that the anemia readily appears in protein deficiency and that the grade of anemia is roughly proportionate to the grade of protein-deficiency. From studies in the author's laboratory, the acceleration of the erythrocyte destruction during protein deficiency was supposed to be a possible reason for this anemia.
In order to ascertain the mechanism of anemia due to protein-deficiency the author performed a long-term experiment of low protein intake with human subjects and examined morphologically and biochemically the time-course of changes in the erythrocytes.
Two weeks after the start of the low-protein diet (0.53-0.78 gram/kg/day protein) following a certain period of the standard diet (1.34-1.35 gram/kg/day protein), the anemic symptoms made their appearance; the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit were all decreased. Calculated from these measurements, color index and volume index were also decreased; in the 4th-5th week of the low-protein diet these values became the lowest, followed by an ascent towards recovery. Around this time the phase microscopic figure of the erythrocyte showed an increased thickness, and more or less “globular” form. Parenthetically, in 3rd-4th week of the low-protein diet, the mean corpuscular diameter became smaller and so became the osmotic resistance. As for the enzyme activity of the adenosine phosphate system which is possibly related to the energy metabolism of the erythrocyte, the activity was reduced during this period of the low protein regimen.
These observations suggest that the erythrocyte, like other organs such as the liver, has its enzyme activity reduced due to the reduced protein metabolism in protein deficiency.The reduction in the activity of ATP in erythrocyte presumably provokes the decrease of the enegry metabalism in erythrocyte membrane, which is closely related with the resistance, and consequently the maintenance of the shape of the erythrocyte. This may be the mechanism why the resistance of the erythrocyte cellwall is reduced in protein deficiency. The acceleration of the destruction of erythrocytes may follow this reduction of membrane resistance, thus leading anemia. As the material of regeneration of erythrocyte is also decreased due to protein deficiency, the restoration of anemia is retarded, thus a long continued anemia exists in protein deficiency.

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To clarify the effect of protein nutrition on sports anemia, 90 rats were divided into three groups, high protein group (24% casein food), standard protein group (16% casein food) and low protein group (8% casein food).
Each group was divided in two groups respectively, resting group and exercising group, the latter ran two hours daily with a speed of 1.3km/h for 10 days. Blood properties, especially hemoglobin content, hypotonic resistance of erythrocyte, and metabolism of hemin labelled with ⁵⁹Fe and myoglobin content in skeletal muscles were measured.
(1) The sports anemia was severest in the protein deficient group, significantly verified in the standard group while not significant in the high protein group.
(2) The increase of reticulocyte count which accompanied the sports anemia was most remarkable in the high protein group, while the least in the protein deficient group.
(3) The antihemolytic value defined by Shiraki decreased with the erythrocytes of the exercising rats as compared with the resting ones both in the standard and low protein group, while it increased in the high protein group.
(4) The turnover rate of hemin ⁵⁹Fe of the erythrocyte labelled with ⁵⁹Fe increased in the exercising group of all kinds of food group as compared with the resting group.
The mean life span of erythrocytes of exercising rats decreased in all kinds of food groups.
The mean life span of the erythrocytes of the exercising protein deficient group was about 28 days which was shortest, while that of exercising and high protein food group was about 37 days.
(5) The myoglobin content in the skeletal muscle of exercising group increased as compared with the resting control.
The increase in the high and standard protein group was remarkable, while the least in protein deficient group.
From these results, it is concluded that the tendency of erythrocyte destruction increases by subjecting the rats to heavy daily muscular exercise, and the sports anemia appear. When the high protein food is provided to the exercising rats, the red cell formation is accelerated, and also the resistance of red cell is increased, and the sports anemia is insignificant. On the other hand, if the protein supply is insufficient, the erythrocyte becomes apt to be destructed by exercising and the acceleration of red cell formation due to anemia is not sufficient, thus initiating a severe anemia.
Utilization of hemoglobin freed from destructed erythrocyte which was verified by Hiramatsu was reconfined by the measurement of myoglobin in the skeletal muscle of exercising rats.

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体育を専攻している女子学生2グループについての夏季7日間の水泳合宿訓練期の栄養摂取状況と血液値を測定した。そして栄養摂取量が低かった初年度のグループと, それより摂取量が高かった次年度のグループで比較し, 運動と摂取栄養, 血液値の3者間の関係について追求した。なお次年度には, 鉄剤の投与も試みた。その結果の大要は, 次のとおりである。
1) 合宿期の体重当りの摂取エネルギー, たん白質, 動物性たん白質は, それぞれ初年度のグループでは45.2±2.2Cal/kg, 1.2±0.1g/kg, 0.45/±0.03g/kg, 次年度のグループではそれぞれ49.6±4.6Cal/kg, 1.6±0.1g/kg, 0.91±0.05g/kgであった。
2) Hb量, Ht値, 血清たん白量の合宿末日値を初日値に比べると, 初年度のグループではいずれも有意に低下したが, 次年度のグループでは低下しないで, Ht値はむしろ上昇した。この違いは, 1) の栄養摂取の差に主因するものと考えられる。
3) Hb量, Ht値は, いずれもその合宿初日値と末日値の変動との間に負の相関関係を示し, 末日の低下は初日に高い者では大きく, 初日に低い者ほど小さいという, いわば生体のホメオスターシス的現象がうかがわれた。回帰線の高さや傾きの度合には両年度グループで差があり, 栄養摂取の良好な次年度グループが高位にあり, 傾きも小さかった。この結果から著者は, このような回帰線の比較によって訓練の負担度や栄養の効果を総合的に評価する試みを提唱した。
4) 血液指数 (MCHC) は, 合宿中にHb量その他の血液値が低下した初年度のグループにおいて, かえって上昇の傾向を示した (この点で著者は既報の文献値を併せ考察し, 運動負荷に対し栄養の摂取が不十分でHb量が低下する場合に血液指数を高めるような, なんらかの機転がおこることを推論した)。
5) 鉄剤の影響 (硫酸鉄160mg) は, 少なくとも合宿7日間では認められなかった。

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An improved type vacuum tube potentiometer and calomel electrodes were manufactured and used in the presennt experiment. Glass electrodes were also experimentally manufactured from soft, hard and McInnes glasses into diaphragm-type electrodes. As a result of a determination of the relationship between E. M. F. and pH, McInnes glass was found to be the most suitable. pH of blood, saliva and urine was determined using this electrode.

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Endurability to the cold became an urgent problem in the South Polar Expedition, and many universities and institutes therefore took up collaborate investigations on this subject in order to establish the most pertinent method for estimation of human tolerance to the cold, consequently contributing to physiological appraisal of the above problem.
Though a large number of experiments were conducted from both physiological and biochemical view points, it was first confirmed from the work alloted to us that variation of energy metabolism serves as a good methodology for this purpose.
Furthermore, as skinfold thickness has an inverse proportional relationship to energy metabolism we have reached the abbreviate conclusion that higher skinfold thickness results in higher endurability to the cold.

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To estimate environmental assimilation to the tropical climate for Okinawan residents, a comparative study was made on the hunting reactions of native Okinawans and immigrants from the mainland of Japan. Twenty-eight healthy immigrating subjects and 26 Okinawan controls were used for this study. The hunting reactions were performed twice in different periods under extreme climatic conditions, and measurements were made for pairs of an Okinawan and an immigrating subject. For ordinary procedures, the thermister was applied to the dorsal surface of the right middle finger, and continuous recording of local skin temperatures was followed for five minutes until they stabilized, then the finger was immersed in 0°C water, and the temperature fluctuation was recorded for 30 minutes on an EH-300 continuous temperature recorder. Through the data obtained, each component of the hunting reaction was calculated by Nakamura's method as the mean skin temperature (M.S.T.), the temperature at the first rise (T.F.R.), the time by the rise in temperature (T.T.R.), the amplitude of the temperature reaction (A.T.) and the resistance index (R.I.).
For the M.S.T., differences were greater for the immigrants than for the Okinawans throughout these two experiments: the mean values of the summer experiment particularly were higher than those of the winter experiment for each group. High T.F.R. levels existed for Okinawans in both experiments. Higher levels were maintained in the summer experiment than in the winter experiment for both groups. Retardation of T.T.R. existed for Okinawans, but the time was shorter in the summer experiment for both groups. For the A. T., the immigrants had high levels in both experiments, but they were more prominent in the winter experiment. The reverse effect was found for Okinawans with higher values in the summer experiment. The resistance index was dominant for the immigrants in both experiments. Cummulative results also showed the same tendency with the significant difference between them. Although the results of the hunting reactions altered with environmental temperatures according to seasonal changes, almost all the data were more dominant for the immigrants than for the Okinawans.
Evaluation of the correlations between the years of residence of the immigrants and the change in each component of the hunting reaction showed significant correlation for the M.S.T., T.F.R. and R.I. in the summer experiment, but no correlation was found between in the winter experiment. Observations of immigrants with up to four years of residence did not confirm that the mainland group showed improved assimilation to the tropical climate of Okinawa.

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