In this paper, I discuss left-wing theories of Japanese-language reform that suddenly appeared in 1930s, covering their intellectual background and historical significance. Such theorists proposed the rearrangement of vocabulary, the restriction or abolition of kanji, and the phonogramization of Japanese into kana or Roman letters. These proposals were based on the “theory of international language” : a mix of Marxian class theory, Marxian linguistics from the Soviet Union, and Proletarian Esperanto philosophies. Apart from this theoretical background, there was an additional context: the history of Proletarian Esperantist movements. Marxian linguistics critiqued the linguistic situation of class society and theorized the development of national and international societies that would relativize ethnocentric language nationalism. While this was used as a starting point by the leftist proponents of Japanese-language reform, they ultimately relied on the mediating factor of the Esperantists' theoretical activities.
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