The conventional research on the large / small administrative districting system of the Meiji period known as the daiku-shoku-sei explains that the passage of the "Three New Acts" (sanshimpo 三新法 ; a new four-district system, rule for prefectural assemblies, and taxation guidelines) in 1878 was in direct response to various forms of nationwide resistance to the system's "bizarre" character. On the other hand, in the midst of increasing administrative problems after the abolition of the Tokugawa era fiefs and the establishment of prefectures, in addition to expanding administrative districts in the hope of governmental rationalization, a method allowing either "consolidation" or "alliance" of local villages and towns was being sought. While consolidation was being aggressively pursued in some prefectures, almost nothing was being done in others, thus causing much regional diversity. Therefore, the early Meiji era's local administration system has been characterized as "different depending on both time and place," resulting in an institutional history portrayed within both temporal and spatial discontinuity. In recent years, scholars have focused on villages and towns under this large / small districting system in terms of its continuity with the "Three New Acts" of 1878 ; however, the conventional methodology is incapable of explaining changes implemented in the Three New Acts regime after 1878. In the present article, the author searches for away of understanding the large / small districting system by building a systematic structure of its temporal and spatial differences, a methodology to examine the continuity of the two systems in question by focusing particularly on the administrative districts headed by kocho 戸長 under the large / small districting system and their counterparts under the Three New Acts regime. The main findings are as follows ; 1) the large / small districting system involved the "alliance" of towns and villages ; 2) "alliance" was convenient for implementing the new land tax system ; 3) however, under the system, " consolidation" was pursued to expand administrative jurisdiction ; 4) regional discrepancies in consolidation efforts led to regional diversity in terms of both scale and character ; 5) in order to eliminate such discrepancies, the Three New Acts established an administrative district headed by kocho to continue the "alliance" process ; 6) here lies the continuity before and after 1878 ; and 7) all of these events amounted to preparation for the establishment of "Allied Kocho Administered Districts" in 1884 and the large scale consolidation of towns and villages after the establishment of City, Town and Village Districts Law (shisei-chosonsei 市制町村制) in 1888.

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In this paper the author analyses the structure of the administrative district system (daiku-shoku system) and local assemblies in early Meiji Japan, focusing especially on their relationship.His main findings are : 1.In the case of Kumagaya Prefecture, administrative districts did not have their own administrative tasks or financial resources.They were only village groups.2.The prefectural assembly consisted of district headmen(hukukucho, who did not represent the people of the prefecture comprehensively or directly.Each member of the assembly represented each district, and because districts were village groups, assembly members needed to return to their districts to hear the opinions of village headmen (kocho) in order to respond to consultations with the prefectural government.3.However, village headmen, who were under the control of village commoners, often resisted the policies of the prefectural government and the district headmen.4.In order to overcome such a functional disorder, disctrict headmen and the prefectural government tried to set up a publicly elected prefectural assembly.Until now, the research on the local administrative district system has held that prefectural governments deprived village headmen of their function as representatives that they had duraing the Tokugawa period.The functional disorder of local assemblies has been explainted by such a deprivation of representation.However, the results of the present inquiry indicate that prefectural governments expected them to be representatives.The problem was that they failed to function as such, in spite of expectations.

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In Japan, until the administrative villages were formed in 1889, the Meiji Goverument had been reorga-nizing the new adrninistrative areas repeatedly through trial and error for about twenty years. Therefore, many case studies have been done on how the modern administrative areas were forrned and on the rela-tions between the feudal administrative areas and the modern ones. This paper aims to understand the formation and its factors of every administrative area and to make clear the ralations between these areas and rural communities (Mura) in the Meiji era of Bizen province (Kuni). Bizen province is located in the southern part of the present Okayama Prefecture. The coastal region in Seto Inland Sea was economicaily very active and densely populated, whereas the mountainous region was economically poor and rarely populated. The author analyzed how the administrative areas within Bizen province in the Edo era such as the "Go", which had been a local administrative unit comprised of several viuages, and squire area (Ohjaya-ku) had effects on the formation of administrative areas like ward-subward (Daiku-Shoku) in 1872, union of vil-lage offices (Rengo-kucho-yakuba) area in 1884 and administrative village in 1889. As a result, the author found some spatial type classifications such as mountain, plain, peninsula and newly reclaimed land (Shinden) areas, so that he detailed each area with some examples; especially he re-seached the spatial relationship between rural communities and these administrative areas. Through such analysis, the following four types have been recognized due to the spatial difierences of natural and socio-historical conditions. 1) Mountainous type In Tsudaka, Akasaka and lwanashi counties (Gun), the social associations arnong the feudal villages (Hansei-son) were closely interlinked to some extent owing to the remaining functions of the "Go" and the restriction by the valley. Therefore, the adrninistrative areas of these regions have not altered so much in spite of the Central Government's reorganization policy in the Meiji era. 2) Plain type There were no natural barrieres in Mino, Jodo and Oku counties (Gun) in Okayama plain. The "Go" had akeady lost its functions in the late Edo era. The connections among former feudal viffage were not closely interlinked and the new admiunistrative areas were repeatedly altered in pararel with the radical changes of local governrnent system. 3) Peninsula type In Kojima county (Gun), forrner feudal vmages included in every administrative area were the smallest in number because of the larger settlement. The "Go" which had aiready lost its functions did not exert an influence on delinuting the administrative areas in the early Meiji era. 4) Newly reclaimed land (Shinden) type In the new]y reclaimed land in the Bay of Kojima, the connections among the feudal viuages were so closely interlinked that the administrative areas have not reorganized at all during the early Meiji era be-cause it was reclaimed at the same time though the "Go" had not been formed. In delimiting the administrative villages in 1889, the irrigation area played more important role than the area of a tutelary deity (Ujiko-ken). After the formation of the administrative villages, the Central Govern-ment tried to strengthen the intra-village connection by coordinating the school district to the newly reorga-nized administrative areas and by unifying au tutelary deities in an administrative village. But there remained the community functions, so that inhabitants were unwilling to accept the Government's policy in the urrification of the tutelary deities.

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In 1878, "San-shinpou" (Three new law of local administration) came into force. "San-shinpou" is known as the first systematic law of local administration. One is "Gunnkuchoson-henseihou" that is the regulation of prefecture's authority, and one is "Fukenkai-kisoku" that is the regulation of prefecture's council, and the other is "Chihouzei-kisoku" that is the regulation of prefecture's tax system. By common arguement of Japanese "Intergovernmental Relations", especially before the World War II, has been recognised as not equalized but centralized. But surveying discussins of "San-sinpou", many historian has said "San-sinpou" is comparatively self-governmental system. How "San-sinpou" were made? So far, "San-shinpou" was made by Matsuda Michiyuki who was a bureaucrat of Ministry of Home affairs. However Chihouzei-kisoku is regulation of tax system, it's quite obvious that Ministry of Finance took the initiative in making this rule. This paper examines reform of local taxation system in what is called "Meiji 0's" (1868-1876), in particular reform process in MOF.

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神奈川県行政資料アーカイブは，県が作成した行政資料のうち電子ファイルの形で作成されたものを永続的に公開するものだ。収録数が順調に増えているのは従来の紙媒体の収集制度を援用していることが大きい。検索サイトからも検索可能で，直接その行政資料にアクセスできる。収録されたものの中には既に担当部署のWebサイトから削除されたものもあるが，遡及データの提出も増えており，このアーカイブの真価が発揮されつつある。今後，更に遡及分が増加し，また単発の広報物等も増加すればより多くの県の情報を伝達できるようになる。一方，元の行政資料を作成する時点での著作権処理が必要になる場合の，自治体内部への広報活動も重要になる。

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