Dans l'enseignement universitaire du FLE au Japon, le theme est tres souvent un theme d'application. Utilise en fin de lecon, il sert a tester et verifier chez les etudiants l'acquisition des structures grammaticales, du vocabulaire et des tournures idiomatiques. Utiliser le theme uniquement comme moyen docimologique de controle des connaissances nous semble dommageable et nous avons voulu en renouveler la pedagogie afin de mieux l'integrer au processus d'apprentissage du francais. Les principales mesures pour renouveler la pedagogie du theme concernent les enonces a traduire et la maniere de les traiter en classe. Le theme se pratique sur un texte veritable, c'est-a-dire un texte integral japonais qui s'inscrit dans un contexte particulier : son entourage non linguistique et son contexte verbal, deux elements que la traduction doit respecter et exprimer en langue-cible, le francais. Les systemes linguistiques et les elements culturo-civilisationnels de la langue-source (langue maternelle des etudiants) et de la langue-cible (langue enseignee) sont ainsi mis en relation et compares, une demarche propre a faciliter l'acquisition du francais. Dans cet article, nous exposons nos reflexions pedagogiques a travers une experience menee dans un seminaire de traduction donne a l'universite ou nous traduisons en classe avec les etudiants des articles de presse japonais en francais avec l'aide des ressources Internet (dictionnaires unilingues, des synonymes, sites francais, etc. ).

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A paper feeding system with rubber rollers is widely used in an information processing equipment such as a copy machine and FAX, ATM. In order to control the paper velocity, it is important in its design to estimate the effect of normal force and back tension on the velocity ratio of paper to roller rotation. We propose a new model on the paper motion and the contact mechanics in friction drives with rubber rollers. It describes the velocity ratio by using the deformation and micro-slip between the rubber roller and the paper which are calculated with FEA.

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Cet article a pour but de mettre en evidence l'importance de la pragmatique dans l'enseignement du FLE au Japon. A la difference des erreurs grammaticales ou lexicales qui sont simplement reconnues comme une deficience linguistique, les echecs pragmatiques sont malheureusement imputes a la personnalite du locuteur qui parait alors impoli. Il est necessaire de faire prendre conscience aux etudiants de ces malentendus et pour cela, les discussions metapragmatiques en classe de langue peuvent se reveler efficaces. Nos reflexions portent particulierement sur les echecs de comprehension pragmatique a propos de ≪ l'excuse ≫.

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In recent years, it is required to develop a new type of tunnel lining segment that is suitable for rapid construction and automatic operation of shield tunneling. New Mechanically-jointed Segment, that is one of a boltless segment of tunnel lining, is developed for this purpose.
This paper describes the result of efficiency of New Mechanically-jointed Segment Tunnel Lining, that is applied to the Tokyo Metropolitan Subway project line #12 in actual first use with automatic assembly system for tunnel lining segment, comparing with other two conventional segment types.

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Salmonella is a Gram-negative [Gram(−)] bacteria, distributed widely in such natural environments as soil, dust, or river water, causing food poisoning as well as oral infections such as Typhi or Paratyphi. Salmonella is highly tissue invasive, easily spreading throughout the whole body after initial growth in the phagocytic vesicles of macrophages as an intra-cellular parasite. Because there remain many unknown elements in the Salmonella-macrophage interaction, I started my study by focusing on the molecules and mechanisms underlying the interaction; for example, how Salmonella escapes natural biodefense systems armed by macrophages, and how macrophages surround and inactivate Salmonella. In addition, I developed insight into Salmonella survival in the face of both environmental stresses and immunological stresses, including attacks from macrophages, based on the idea that “pathogenicity” is not limited simply to an attack, but to both the attack and defense against hazards. In this study, I found a novel pathogenicity-related protein of Salmonella, SEp22, an iron-chelating protein of MW 18.7 kDa, to cope with reactive-oxygen intermediates (ROIs) generated by activated macrophages pre-treated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), one of the major components of Salmonella outer membrane. We also showed that Salmonella attacks macrophages by a novel mechanism through the induction of apoptosis with large amounts of LPS and protein synthesis inhibition, in addition to the well-known mechanisms of type-three secretion system (TTSS)-induced cell damage, including InvA, an attacking, virulent factor of Salmonella. We showed that macrophages could escape from this type of cell death by LPS-induced macrophage activation and LPS-tolerance.

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1998年1月から1999年3月の間に, 北海道内で市販されている鶏卵を契約農場9農場および量販店あるいは農場から直接購入し, 合計31農場で生産された鶏卵145試料, 22,120個についてサルモネラ検出試験とSE抗体保有調査を行った.その結果, 145試料22,120個すべての鶏卵からサルモネラは検出されなかったが, 13試料, 26個の鶏卵でSE抗体が検出された.
SE抗体陽性鶏卵が15試料, 2,575個中1個検出されたウィンドレス農場の鶏糞ベルトについて行ったサルモネラ汚染調査では10鶏舎中6鶏舎でサルモネラが検出されたがSEは検出されなかった.また, 1農場の同一ブランドの鶏卵では, 5回の試料採取中2回の試料で, 30個中5および3個がSE抗体陽性であった.この農場の廃鶏について内臓におけるサルモネラ保有と血清中のSE抗体を調べた結果, SEは検出されなかったが, 30羽中12羽 (40%) からサルモネラが検出された.これらの結果は, 市販鶏卵のSE卵黄抗体検査を行うことにより, 市販鶏卵の生産農場のサルモネラ汚染状況を推測でき, サルモネラ対策を実施する上で有用な情報を提供できることが示された.

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Rockfall occurs not only along the slopes of coastal and mountainous routes but also along the slopes of open pit mines. In this paper, research results and recent techniques concerned with falling behavior of rockfall, simulation methods, prevention measures, detection methods and protection measures are reviewed. It is considered, in general, that the engineering level for rockfall prevention, prediction and protection methods in Japan are not handicapped compared with those of Switzerland and other countries. However, accumulation of the data concerned with motion characteristics of rockfall is not so sufficient in Japan. Further tests on the motion characteristics of rockfall are expected to be continued because validity of simulation and other prevention and protection works can be confirmed only with reference to those field data. In the latter half of this paper, rock net system was discussed as an useful protection measure against rockfall. Ling net system which was developed in Switzerland is currently used as an effective mitigation method against rockfall energy in European Countries and high performance of the net has been tested also in Japan recently importing from Switzerland. It is considered that research works should be carried out intensively to develop other mitigation method of high performance against rockfall energy, not only because large amount of protection net is used every year in our country but also because the patent for the ling net was granted already in Switzerland.

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日仏コミュニケーションにおいて「舌打ち」(非肺気流子音の歯茎吸着音)は誤解を招く原因の一つである。本研究では,まず実例に基づき舌打ちを観察し,次に日本人学習者の知覚と評価に関するアンケート調査を行い,さらに日本人に対するフランス語教育での舌打ちの取り扱いに関する条件を考察する。一つ目の調査結果から,舌打ちが談話標識のように現れ,主に注意喚起機能を持っていることが明らかになった。また,二つ目のアンケート調査により,この音がフランス語文法の基礎が十分ではない,なおかつ外発的に動機づけられている学習者には「聞こえる」ことがわかった。これらの者が渡仏を控えている場合,日本語の舌打ちとフランス語のそれとが異なる用法を持っているということを教えることは有用であろう。一方,基礎力が十分あり,なおかつ内発的に動機づけられた学習者は,日本人フランス語教師も含め「聞こえていない」。よって,この知識は全ての学生に必要であるとは言えないが,教師はこの現象を把握し,機能および用法を知っておくべきである。

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